Tunguzca

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Tunguzca '
Konuşulduğu ülkeler	Moğolistan, Sibirya, Mançurya
Dil grubu sınıflandırması	Altay Dil Ailesi
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Vikipedi'nin Tunguzca sürümü
Ayrıca bakınız: Dil – Dil aileleri

Tunguz dilleri haritası

Tunguzca veya Tunguz dilleri, ("Mançu-Tunguz Dilleri" olarak da bilinir) Sibirya, Moğolistan ve Mançurya'da konuşulan, Altay Dil Ailesi'ne mensup dil topluluğudur. Genel olarak çoğu dil bilimci, Tunguzcayı, Altay Dil Ailesi'ne katar.

Konu başlıkları [gizle] 1 Sınıflandırma 1.1 Kuzey Tunguz Dilleri 1.2 Güney Tunguz Dilleri 2 Tunguzca Karşılaştırmalar

Sınıflandırma [değiştir]

Tunguzca; "Kuzey Tunguz Dilleri" ve "Güney Tunguz Dilleri" olarak 2 gruba ayrılır:

Kuzey Tunguz Dilleri [değiştir]

• Evenki, merkez Sibirya ve kuzeydoğu Çin'de konuşulur.
• Even (Lamut) doğu Sibirya'da konuşulur.

Aşağıdakiler ise Evenki dilinin alt dalları olarak gösterilebilir:

• Oroqen
• Negidal
• Solon
• Manegir

Güney Tunguz Dilleri [değiştir]

• Güneydoğu Tunguz Dilleri
  • Nanai (Gold, Goldi, Hezhen)
  • Akani
  • Birar
  • Kile
  • Samagir
  • Orok
  • Ulç
  • Oroch
  • Udege

• Güneybatı Tunguz Dilleri
  • Mançu
  • Sibe
  • Curçen

Tunguzca Karşılaştırmalar [değiştir]

Anlam	Proto- Tungus.	Evenki	Even	Negidal	Manchu	Curçen	Ulcha	Orok	Nanai	Oroch	Udihe		Korece
Anne; kadın	*eni	enin	enin	enin	enen	enin	en-	enin	enin	eni	enin		anae(eş, karı) ômôni(anne) ajumôni(hala) ezi > ôi (anne)
Abla	*eke(n)	ekin	ekin	exe	xexe (kadın)	xexe	eqte	ekte	ekte	eki	exi		ônni (aynı cinsiyetteki büyük kardeş)
Ağabey	*aka	aka	aqa	aga	xaxa (erkek)	xaxa	aGa	aka	.	aka	aga'		orabi (bayanların kendinden büyük erkek kardeşi)
Gelin	*bener	bener	benir	bene	.	.	bener	.	bener	bene	bene		myônûri
Göğüs; kalp	*(k)ukun	ukun	ökin	öxön	oxo	.	kukun	qun	kun	okon	.		kogaeŋi(çekirdek)
Burun	*xoŋa	oŋokto	oŋıt	oŋokto	xoŋqo	.	xoŋqo	.	qoŋkto-	xoŋko	.		k'o
Şerit, kıvırmak	*sire(kte)	sirekte	siren	sijen	sirge	.	sirekte	sirekte	sirikte	sijekte	siekte		sil (ip, iplik)
Göz	*(n)iasa	esa	äsil	esa	jasa	?iaci	isal	isal	nisal	isa	jehä (?)		nun
El, pençe	*mana	mana	mana	mana	.	.	mana	.	maja	manaka	mane		man-jida (tutmak)
Su	*mu(ke)	mu	mo	mu	muke	mo	mu	mu	muke	mu	mu		mul
Taş	*kada(r)	kadar	qadar	kada	xada (kayalık, yalçın) wexe (taş)	.	qadali	qada	qadar	kada	kada		dol (taş) pahoy > pawi (kaya, taş, kayalık)
Buz	*djuke	djuke	djök	djuxe	djuxe	djuxe	djue	duke	djuke	djuke	judge		ch'aga-p-da(cold) jyohŏy > jongi (kâğıt)
3	*ilan	ilan	ilin	ilan	ilan	jilan	ilan	ilan	ila?	ilan	ilan		se
4	*dügin	di?i	di?i	di?i	duju	dujin	duin	djin	duin	di	di		ne
5	*tu?a	tu?a	tun?in	tu?na	sunja	cunja	tunja	tunda	toj?a	tu?a	tu?a		ta-sut
7	*nadan	nadan	nadin	nadan	nadan	nadan	nadan	nadan	nada?	nadan	nadan		(n)irgup

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Kategori: Altay dil ailesi

Tungusic languages

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Tungusic
Geographic distribution:	Siberia, Manchuria
Linguistic classification:	Altaic[1] (controversial) Tungusic
Subdivisions:	Northern Tungusic Southern Tungusic
ISO 639-5:	tuw
v · d · e

Geographic distribution

The Tungusic languages (also known as Manchu-Tungus, Tungus) form a language family spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria by Tungusic peoples. Many Tungusic languages are endangered, and the long-term future of the family is uncertain. Traditionally, linguists considered Tungusic to be part of the Altaic language family along with the Turkic and Mongolic language families; more recent proposals are that it belongs to Macro-Altaic, the latter including Japanese and Korean as well, or on the other hand, that Altaic is not a genetic group but a Sprachbund.

Contents [hide] 1 Classification 2 Common characteristics 3 Relationships with other languages 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 General references 6 Further reading 7 External links

[edit] Classification

Linguists working on Tungusic have proposed a number of different classifications based on different criteria, including morphological, lexical, and phonological characteristics. One classification which seems favoured over other alternatives is that the Tungusic languages can be divided into a northern branch and a southern branch, with the southern branch further subdivided into southeastern and southwestern groups.
Northern Tungusic

• Evenki (obsolete: Tungus), spoken by Ewenkis in central Siberia and northeastern China and
• Even (Lamut) of eastern Siberia

The following languages can be considered dialects or related languages of Evenki

• Oroqen
• Negidal
• Solon
• Manegir

Southern Tungusic

• Southeastern Tungusic
  • Nanai (Gold, Goldi, Hezhen)
  • Akani
  • Birar
  • Kile
  • Samagir
  • Orok
  • Ulch
  • Oroch
  • Udege

• Southwestern Tungusic (or the Jurchen-Manchu group)
  • Manchu of Manchuria, the language of the Manchus, who founded the Qing Dynasty of China.
  • Sibe: spoken in Xinjiang autonomous region by descendants of a Manchurian tribe dispatched by the Qing Dynasty to Xinjiang as a military garrison.
  • Jurchen: an extinct language of the Jin Dynasty of China.

Jurchen-Manchu (Jurchen and Manchu are simply different stages of the same language; in fact, the ethnonym "Manchu" did not come about until 1636 when Emperor Hong Taiji decreed that the term would replace "Jurchen") is the only Tungusic language with a literary form (in Jurchen script and later the Manchu alphabet) which dates back to at least the mid- to late-12th century; as such it is a very important language for the reconstruction of Proto-Tungusic.
The earliest^{[citation needed]} and one of the most important extant texts in Jurchen is the inscription on the back of "the Jin Victory Memorial Stele" (Da Jin deshengtuo songbei), which was erected in 1185, during the Dading period (1161–1189). It is apparently an abbreviated translation of the Chinese text on the front of the stele.^[2]
Other ancient Tungusic languages include that of the Mohe.

[edit] Common characteristics

The Tungusic languages are of an agglutinative morphological type, and some of them have complex case systems and elaborate patterns of tense and aspect marking. They also exhibit a complex pattern of vowel harmony, based on the parameters of vowel roundedness and vowel tenseness. Another common feature is vocabulary, such as Manchu emu, zhuwe, ilan, meaning 1,2,3.

[edit] Relationships with other languages

Tungusic has traditionally been linked with Turkic and Mongolic languages in the Altaic language family. Others have suggested that the Tungusic languages might be related (perhaps as a paraphyletic outgroup) to the Korean, Japonic, or Ainu languages as well.

[edit] See also

• Lists of endangered languages
• Language death

[edit] References

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Lewis, 2009 (Altaic).
2. ^ Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland, and Stephen H. West. China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995, pp. 228–229. ISBN 0791422747. Partial text on Google Books.

[edit] General references

• Kane, Daniel. The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 153. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1989. ISBN 0933070233.
• Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). "Altaic" in Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International, 2009. ISBN 978-1-55671-216-6.
• Miller, Roy Andrew. Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1971.
• Poppe, Nicholas. Vergleichende Grammatik der Altaischen Sprachen [A Comparative Grammar of the Altaic Languages]. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1960.
• Tsintsius, Vera I. Sravnitel'naya Fonetika Tunguso-Man'chzhurskikh Yazïkov [Comparative Phonetics of the Manchu-Tungus Languages]. Leningrad, 1949.
• Stefan Georg. "Unreclassifying Tungusic", in: Carsten Naeher (ed.): Proceedings of the First International Conference on Manchu-Tungus Studies (Bonn, August 28 – September 1, 2000), Volume 2: Trends in Tungusic and Siberian Linguistics, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 45-57

[edit] Further reading

• Vovin, Alexander (2009) [2006]. "Tungusic Languages". In Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie. Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World (1st ed.). Amsterdam and Boston: Elsevier. pp. 1103–1105. ISBN 9780080877747. OCLC 264358379. http://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA1103. 

[edit] External links

• The LINGUIST List MultiTree Project: Tungusic Family Tree
• Monumenta Altaica—Altaic Linguistics. Grammars, Texts, Dictionaries, Bibliographies of Mongolian and other Altaic languages
• Tungusic Research Group at Dartmouth College
• (Spanish) Tungusic languages
• Vergleich der Reziproken des Ewenischen mit verwandten Sprachen