akadca türkçe ilişkisi

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Akkadian and Prototurkic
H.M. Hubey
First chapter e.g. Akkadian words beginning with /a/.
Version 1a
This is an abridged form of the work in progress. It will be a part of the book, Akkadian and
ProtoTurkic. It consists only of Akkadian words that begin with vowels. It is intended to demonstrate that
Turkic still preserves the original initial consonant, which if often k, and sometimes t. Additionally, it can be
seen that some words are basically unchanged and others have gone through the common Turkic sound
changes or changes that can be encountered often in other languages. This is Version 1 and does not
[over]indulge in etymologizing Turkic words since it would cause too many problems for most linguists
whose familiarity with Turkic is almost zero. Some journals are no longer serving their purpose of reaching
the intended audience in timely fashion but instead serve as pulpits for quasi-religious beliefs. Since
everything written is automatically copyrighted in the United States, this is copyrighted work, just like posts
in mailing lists, but only more so. Feel free to share the electronic version with authors and give references
to this work. Eventually, after having made the rounds like the samizdat this work will be printed on paper.
Please feel free to contact me with comments. Later improved versions could have your comments and
suggestions incorporated in the work. Since I am a computer scientist, I appreciate the complexity of
producing a polished finished product and have decided to pursue the software production method in writing
this book; some might say that the worst aspects of SW production are being copied in that it is being
released with errors. So what? It is no worse than the state of historical linguistics that exists today, and is
probably a great improvement on it.
hubeyh@mail.montclair.edu
Notes: Akkadian words are in purple Ariel narrow like this. Entries from the Karachay-Balkar dictionary by
Siunchev and Tenishev are in Times New Roman and black. This dictionary will be published in English
(RSN) by Hubey, Siunchev and Tokchukova. Some words are outlined in red to draw attention to them
quickly. Some comments that are further explanations are in blue. Entries from Chuvash (Krueger), Pre-
Thirteenth Century Turkish (Clauson), Turkish (Redhouse dictionary), Sumero-Turkic cognates (Tuna), etc are in Ariel
narrow black like this. There are also entries from another book Hittite and ProtoTurkic (Hubey, to be published) and
these words are from Güterbock & Hoffner, and Puhvel
. In case where the entries are from
Hittite and ProtoTurkic, the entries from the Karachay-Balkar dictionary is in
Courier font like this.
Since most linguists are not familiar with Turkic and since morphology plays a big role I gave examples
of Turkic morphology e.g. they are imbedded in the words (just like the Akkadian words). Karachay-Balkar
verbs are in citation form e.g. infinitive case with superscript as in kir
irge
,cıy
arĝa
. Causal forms must be
recognized by the reader e.g. awuşdur
urĝa
. It will be seen that in some cases the roots and morphology of
Akkadian words and Turkic are identical, and in others the suffixes have gone through slight semantic
shifts. Therefore this work is a small step both in the reconstruction of ProtoTurkic and deconstruction of
Akkadian.
There are errors in this work and it is (will be) in constant revision.
1. aballu (a vessel for water); ← Sum; abalu → ablu
qab I karach. pumpkin; bişgen cooked a pumpkin; urluq seeds; cib cucurbitaceae lash
qab II 1) cover, case; aĝaç wqol glove 2) cover (body of animals, plants etc.); cılan
snake scales; qurt cocoon; taş maqanı ~ ı shell of turtle; awuşdur
urĝa
to moult (about the snakes) 3)
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image, mask, guise; başxa xa kir
irge
a) to change; 4) figurative frameworks., limit; dan çıqma do not
go too far ; birewnü ına cıy
arĝa
bridle, curb; restrain or to put someone in his place; bir xa sıyınmaĝan
undisciplined
kāb properly a leather bag, water-skin, sack; vessel, container, the cover [Clauson72: 579]; kā vesel, container; kā
kaça [[Clauson72: 579]; Turkish kapkaçak, pots and pans.
Sumerian kabkagag ‘mayiler koymağa mahsus bir kap’ (EDSz.71). kagag ‘mayileri koymağa mahsus bir kap’
(EDSz.67); ka ‘a vessel’ (EHG.94), kab id. (EHG,947) vs Turkish kapkaçak ‘kap kaçak’ (PdD.3925) Mf. Cn. 3a, 11);
kapkaç ‘kap kaçak’ (TTS,IV,2148); kakaça ‘içine akarlar konan kap; kapkaçak’ (DLT,III,211,238); ka ‘kap, zarf (mayi
icin)’ (DLT, 407); ‘kap, tabak’ (KBI, 2552), kap, ‘kap...,zarf...’(DLT,I,195); kaça ‘kap’ (DLT,III,238).
see qabır, küp, kübür, qolqab, qabuk, qaplaq.
2. abālu(m) “to dry (up)” Bab., NA G (a/a) [HAD.A] intrans. “become dry, dry up” O/jB of liquid, plant, swamp; of
(parts of) body Gtn iter. Of G D trans. “dry” (up) spittle; parts of body; drugs; swamp, field, orchard Dt pass. of D Š D,
esp. stat.; → ablu; nābalu, nābališ, nūbalum; tābalu, tābīlu;
ablu dry NB also abalu “dry, dried”…
keb
erge
to be dried; to dry
Chuvash tip to dry out, tipě dry [Krueger61:235]
3. abarakkatu(m) stewardess, housekeeper
üy, eb, ev = house
4. abāru(m) ♣ “(the metal) lead” [A.GAR
5
; 1
st
millennium roy. Inscr. A.Bar]. MA also annuku
abāru; (at āššur) kisal a. “Lead Courtyard”?;←Sum.?
awur 1) heavy; iş difficult work; cumuş burdensome assignment/errand; 3) sluggish, lazy;
ögüz lazy bullock; 4) unpleasant; hawa stuffy air 5) menacing, serious, dangerous; cara
dangerous wound; caralı seriously/badly wounded; söz insulting words ; saĝış gloomy
ideas; asxa
rĝa
to limp strongly;
Sumerian gamar ’wuchtig sein’ (D.41) Turkic ’aĝır’ [heavy] (DLT, I, 52) [Tuna90: ]
Chuvash yıvăr heavy, difficult [Krueger61:241]
5. abāru(m) ♥ occas. apāru, ubāru 1. Bab.(lit.) (a kind of clamp) 2. jB transf. “embrace, physical strength” of god,
king in bēl a., gāmer a.; ša a. “wrestler”; →abāru ♦
abāru(m) ♦ “to embrace” O/jB G (pret. ībir) D 1. of magic “embrace intensely, bind” limbs, person; of stars 2. Leg.
“accuse s.o., denonuce”; ← abāru ♥ denom.; → mubbirtu; → ibru; itbāru abāru → also ħabāru ♥ G
abātu(m) ♣ “to destroy” G (a/u, O/jB also i’abbat, ī’but (→ GAG 97h)) objects, buildings’ living beings; OA
“ruin (economically)” D “destroy completely” objects, parts of body, lving beings; jB occas. + eli instead of acc. Dt
pass. of D [GUL.MEŠ] Š caus. Of G OB(lit.) N pass. of G (forms → GAG s97j);→abtu
abiktu, NA apiktu “defeat” M/jB, NA [BAD
5
.BAD
5
(- ) (→ dabdû, thatû)] a. šakānu “to inflict a defeat”; lipî a. ‘fat of
the defeat’ (a plant) jB lex.; ←abāku ♣;→ abkūtu
abku “captive” j/B; ←abāku ♣
abtu “destroyed” j/NB of gods, buildings; f. pl. “ruins” NA, NB(roy. inscr.); ←abātu ♣
Turkish kap 1. to snatch, seize, catch, grasp, snap up 2. to carry off, to catch. 3. to learn quickly, to pick up. 4. to
manage to win, to get 5. to catch (a disease); to fester.
Turkish kapaklan to stumble and fall on one’s face, to capsize, to overturn
Turkish kapan 2 trap
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qabıw action name to qab
arĝa
1) sting 2) prize; a victory 3) charge 4) loss 5) meal
qabxan 1. partic. from qab
arĝa
biting, stinging, peck, pick 2. 1) winner 2) prize, advantageous 3)
sting;
qab
arĝa
1) to bite, peck; 2) karach. to win; ızına to win back 3) to spend; bütew açxabıznı qabıb
qoyĝandı he/she has spent all our money 4) to lose; cülgüçümü qabdım I have lost the razor 5) to eat;
mından qab taste it; qabıb kör taste it; cutlanıb to eat with avidity; qabıb qoy
arĝa
eat (up) (all); cer
qabarıq! damnation may he bite the dust; 6) to fit, grab (about clothes); kiyimleri sanların ariw qabadıla
[it(him)] the clothes fit her beautifully (e.g. clothes grasp/grab the body)
qablan
ırĝa
1) passive to qabla
rĝa
; terslik barı meŋŋe qablanıb qaldı all fault fell (down) on me; bir
atxanlay qablandı he/she was killed on the first shot; çoyun bılayĝa qablanıb turadı the kettle stands
turned upside down 2) refl. to qabla
rĝa
lean one's elbows (on) to lean; qablanıb tur
urĝa
to sit (to stand), lean
(against, on) by a breast; bawuruŋdan lie (down) on a stomach
qabla
rĝa
1) to throw over, to put on; üsüŋe throw upon itself; ayaqlarıŋa to put shoes on; atxa
terlikni to throw on horse sweat-cloth 2) to cover; 3) to overturn; çoyunnu bılayĝa qabla overturn the
boiler here (for ex. on a plate) 4) liter., figurative overthrow, to charge; urub to fall down by impact;
bawuruŋdan orunduqĝa to lie prone; terslikni birewge to charge someone with a fault;
qapxan
6. abāku(m) ♣ “to lead away” OA, NA, M/NB G (a/u) OA “take (commodities) to”; + vent. “fetch” commodities,
animals; often with ippāniya (“myself in person”); Bab. as OA “take to”, + vent. “fetch” objects, animals also people, NB
“hale” witness, debtor, NB ana kaspi a. ‘take away for silver’ = “buy” Gt Mari “lead away” D Mari “dispatch, forward”
goods; jB “push away, displace”; NA “shift” work onto s.o Š jB “have s.o. bring” s.o. N pass. Of G j/NB; → abku, abkūtu,
abiktu, ābiku?
See qab
arĝa
, and Turkish kap
Turkish kap kaç = to snatch and run away, drag away
7. abāku(m) ♥ “to overturn, upset” O/jB G (a/u); also transf., omen, divine verdict, witchcraft D G N pass. of G;
→ābiku?
See entry for apellu.
aw
arĝa
1) tumble down, to fall, to overturn; terek awdu the tree has fallen; cerge fall (down) on
ground; şiş b somersault, to overturn; awub ket
erge
to fell; awub qal
ırĝa
to tumble down;
tüşden awa midday, afternoon; artıŋa a) to faint; b)fig be taken aback, to become puzzled; v)
figurative to be dissatisfied, to not approve; 2) to pass, to proceed (pass), to move; tawdan to pass
through a mountain; kün kün ortadan awĝandı the sun has passed midday 3) figurative to be
inclined; ol da meni canıma awadı and he/she is inclined to agree with me;
abın
ırĝa
1) to stumble; taşxa to stumble on a stone; at abındı the horse has stumbled; arı abına,
beri sürüne stumbling and staggering; 2) to falter; sözde to falter on a word 3) figurative to suffer
failures/adversity
Semantic changes and phonetic changes that derive from an early *ap/ab root aw/au (to fall
over, keel over), awuş (to die), awruw (pain, sickness (i.e. Trk ağrı)), arı (to tire out (via extension from awruw));
awur (heavy (i.e. Trk ağır)) again via analogy from the fact that the people hefting around heavy things all day
would get ağrı. The next is not so clear but it is likely from the same root; aqırın or aqırtın meaning “slowly”.
Obviously, if you lug heavy things you go slowly. This can be compared to Kyr aqırın (slowly). The strange thing
is that awuş corresponds to Smr uş (which means ‘to die’) and which is one of the regular sound changes
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between Smr and Turkic that has been found and which in Turkic is öl [TunO90]. The strange thing is that both
versions (awuş, öl) now exist in KBal language. The latter root apparently applied only to death of plants from
lack of water [Clauson].
We have corroborating evidence from Tatar in the form of avır (difficult, heavy); avırtu (pain), and
avıru (illness). In Chuvash yiwer (heavy) and Yakut yaraxan are cognates [GroV79:83]. Chuvash iwër means
‘to grow tired’ [GroV79:120] and is cognate with KBal arı (to be tired). Turkish argın-yorgun doublet/ikileme
attests to this meaning. There is evidence that this word has its root in ab (to go off the vertical and lose footing)
since it shows up as abın and aban (to lean, Trk). It shows up as abla (Mongolian, to hunt, likely a borrowing).
This meaning of losing footing seems to be the purest way to say “to hunt” since the main aim of hunting is to
force the animal to lose footing so the word goes back the ages before using bows and arrows or even spears.
There are other words with ab/ap showing the development of the concept over time: abınçaq, abına-sürüne,
and figuratively abızırarĝa, apçımaqlıq, apçırĝa; apçiw, apçıtırĝa, aqırın, aqırınlarĝa, aqırınlatım, aqırınla,
aqırtın, awarĝa, awnarĝa
Related to aksırak (Clauson72:95), ağna (Clauson72:87) cognate with Kbal awna. It seems that
knocking living things down presumably by striking them in a spot more vital then the Achilles heel, has
produced other related meanings since we have Turkish apış arası (the region between the legs), it seems that
Trk avrad/avrat (woman, wife) is again linked to this region likely via slang. Now the word avret (privy parts,
anything that is kept concealed from public view, woman, wife) is said to be from Arabic (Red:98).
Meanwhile the words for hunting in Turkish is avla, and in Karachay-Balkar it is uw. However the original
meanings can be found in about a dozen words in Karachay-Balkar, for example, awur, awruw, awuş, possibly
*apsak > aksak/asxaq. , and the set of words uw (hunting, poison), aw (fishing net, poison). These three forms
of hunting must have been known to all humans at one time. The caves in the Sahara show people catching fish
with nets. Poison arrows are used by the Bushmen (San) of Africa as well as the native Americans of the
Amazon. The dead-hit, of course, is the Karachay-Balkar goddess Apsatı (pagan goddess of hunting, patron
goddess of hunters).
Since the original form had a b i.e ab/ap, having to do with falling, hunting, etc (abın, aban, abzıra, abcır,
etc) and others derived from it such as awna, awuş, etc, apış would seem to refer to the rear legs of an animal
or the region between the rear legs with an analogy to Turkish karış (from the word for arm). This should be
compared to the word apış (Turkish). Apış refers to the region between the legs and Karachay-Balkar for that
region is aw. That word is used in the same sense as Arabic awrad (Turkish avrat, woman, or avret yeri, pubic
area). There might have been a time period in which catching animals was done with something like a bola;
several stones tied together with a rope which was used to throw at the rear legs of an animal to cause it to trip.
Thus the phrase ‘Apis Bull’ in Sumerian is a big mystery, unless it can be related somehow to the bull worship
in the Mideast or to some kind of fertility god.
aĝış fr. 1 āĝ-; ‘ascent, rise’ [Clauson72:96] [Vide infra for ģ=b in Sumerian, etc].
8. abaruh (an object) Nuzi; ← Hurr.?
qabarıq (-ĝı) 1. 1) dinner; 2) food, meal, hors d'oevres; 3) edibles
9. abullu(m) f.; pl. abullātu(m) “gate (of city or large building)” [ABUL] a. kawītum “outer gate”; massār a., ša a.,
mār a., bēl a. “gatekeeper”; OB a. šūdûm “to acquaint s.o. with gate”, i.e. to forbid exit; a. edēlu/pehû “to shut/seal up
gate”; Bab. “gate tax”; at Nuzi, as a public authority; transf. “entrance” to region, nether world, heaven etc.;
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abulmaħħu “high gate” j/NB; ← abullu + Sum. maħ
Turkish kapı door
Turkish kapa to close
cab
arĝa
in diff. senses to close, to cover; eşikni cab close the door; başın to cover; üynü başın
to cover the house; amanlıqnı başın to hide a crime; üsün to cover; köknü bulutla cabdıla
clouds covered the sky; cabıwnu to draw a curtain; cıyılıwnu to close the meeting
Chuvash χup to close up, close in [Krueger61:240]
eşik ( - gi) 1) door; qabaq (or arbaz) gate; 2) outside
Sumerian gishig ’Tur’ (D.130), ’door’ (EHG,436) Turkic eşik ’kapı’ (KBI,206) [Tuna90: ]
Chuvash alak door [Krueger61:215]; eşik 'threshold' [Clauson72:259]; the fact that the word also means
‘outside’ (in Karachay-Balkar) means it is possible that this word could have come from tış, which itself could
have come from taş. It could be related to aç (to open).
10. abi(n)gallu (a priest) jB lex.; ← Sum.; ābirtum → ēbirtum
tabın
ırĝa
1) rel. to worship; to esteem; to serve (as to a deity); ullu qaraçayda caŋŋız terekge tabınıb
turĝandıla in the Great Karachay they worshipped the lonely tree 2) rel. to be christened; to be asked 3)
figurative adore, deify, idolize, worship, bow (to, before); kneel (before)
This word likely goes back to the word for fire, heat found in Sumerian, and to related qabın, qabındır, tıbır, tamĝa
(stamp, originally brand on animals made with a branding iron), tap (scar), Turkish, kav, tav and other words related to
iron-working (metal-working) and smelting. This word is also likely related to Karachay-Balkar toba, Arabic tewbe, and
Turkish tövbe. As is well known, the southern Caucasus is the home of the fire-worshippers, and Azerbaijan (see ot)
was named after the ubiquitious natural fires from the escaping gases and oil from the ground. Atropatena was
established in the year 323 BC on the Azerbaijani –populated territories, which are now in Iran, and the Caucasian
Albania in 4-5th century BC on the territory of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan. We can see the root for fire
already in the name. See ot, üt, taba, etc. The Scythian god Tabiti may also be related. According to Miziev, the very
common word among Caucasians tamada, may be ‘father/master of the hearth/home’.
11. abru IV a kind of priest
abrūtu abru-priesthood
See tabın (above)
12. abūsātu pl. tant. “forelock” jB; abūsāt šīri (a deformity); abusin → abušim
qabışdır
ırĝa
causative of qabış
ırĝa
1) to stop, to jam; to stop, to break off; 2) to break, to kill; urub
qabışdırıb qoydu he/she has struck and has killed
qabış
ırĝa
1) recipr. - refl. to qab
arĝa
to bite each other; 2) to stop, lock, freeze; awuzuŋ qabışsın!
damnation may you lose your speech! e.g. may your mouth become frozen/stiffened/paralyzed. qollarım
suwuqdan qabışxandıla my hands stiffened [froze, got paralyzed, locked] from the cold 3) to die (e.g.
stiff)
13. adagu(r)ru, adakurru (a vessel for libations) M/NB, Nuzi [DUG.A.DA.GUR
5
; DUG.A.DA.GUR
4
;
DUG.A.DA.KUR];← SUM.
ayaq II (-ĝı) 1) cup, plate, bowl; aĝaç wooden bowl; qancal iron bowl 2) cup, glass, cup; (wine)
glass; çın porcelain cup; bitir a cup (as a measure of volume);
(See Sumer-Turk from Dr. Tuna e.g. adakur)
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14. adaħa (a garment) Am.; ← e.g.; adakanni → akanni; adakurru → adagurru
etek ( - gi) 1) skirt, tail, flap, lap, coattail, 2) geogr. bottom tawnu i bottom of a mountain 3) end;
edge(territory): çegetnii edge/border of a wood 4) balk. skirt ; tübüne salırĝa to take under protection;
qaraçay lede within the limits of a karachay
etek-ceŋ satellite; satrap, accomplice, stooge
qatapa text. velvet; qurt (or gırt) velveteen; tuma stuffed velveteen; gepxa velvet with
patterns; çepken velvet dress
qatlam layer
qatlı 1) layered, having layers; köb lı multi-layer; multi-ply; 2) multiple; 3) balk. story; eki üy two-
storeyed house
15. adallu “strong” jB lex.; ← Hurr.?
qatı-qutu smth. firm, rigid
qatdır strong; sabiy the strong child
qadama 1) unapproachable; qala unapproachable fortress 2) unshakable; proof
qadaw III strong, firm, heavy; taş strong stone
qatı I 1) liter., figurative firm, strong, rigid; qurçdan harder than steel; tut hold tight; 2) abrupt;
gakkını bşir make a hard-boiled egg; cel strong wind; 3) hard, tight; eşikni et close the door
tightly; qıs really tighten 4) heavy, fast; caŋŋur heavy rain; cel bolub baradı wind grows stronger;
suwnu barĝan ceri strong current (rapids) of the river; urunuw intensive work; 5) figurative severe,
ruthless, rough adam severe man, tyrant, despot; küreş fierce struggle; seleşirge to speak rougly; 6)
figurative strict; ustaz strict teacher; nizam severe discipline;
Chuvash χıta hard, stiff, firm, earnest [Krueger61:240]
16. ada(m)mu, adumu “red” OAkk, M/jB; Bogh. “red (blood); “red (garment)”; lex., syn. for “important person”;
→abadmatu ♣ ♥ ? adantu
kadh > kar > kIr > kIz; also Turkish al=red (*ath>al)
qız
arĝa
1) to be heated, to speed up; have/run a temperature; rot , decay; figurative to burn, to inflame;
get/fly into a passion, blaze up, fly into a rage; temir qızĝandı iron is hot; tepseb to be warmed up in
dance; qızĝan ot the inflamed fire; qulaqlarım qızadıla my ears burn; oqurĝa to develop a passion for
reading; sözge forget oneself in chatter/conversation;
Sumerian mir ’anger’ (MSL,IV,35) Turkic kız ’to be angry, cross’. Chuvash kěrle to murmur, rustle, roar
[Krueger61:222]. Other related words which seem to still keep their olden form are muruldatırĝa, muruldarĝa, and
Turkish mırıldanmak.
qızar
ırĝa
1) liter., figurative to redden; közleri qızarĝandıla his eyes have reddened; suwuqdan betiŋ
qızarĝandı your face reddened from the cold; beti qızardı he blushed; qıp-qızıl to be heated to red;
qızarĝan közle inflamed eyes; qızarmış bolurĝa to redden; qızarıb qalırĝa to flush red; 3) to be angry;
qızara-aĝara between worrying and excitement (reddening and whitening)
qızdır
ırĝa
1) to heat, to heat up; temirni to heat iron; asırı bek to overheat; qannı furative to
warm up blood 2) furnace, burn; kün qızdıradı the sun burns; 3) to cause thirst; bışlaq qızdırĝan etedi the
cheese causes thirst; 4) to kindle fire; 5) figurative to beat, flog whom; sabiyni (to beat) the child; 6)
figurative to excite 10) figurative to tempt, captivate, provoke, to warm up, to kindle; oyuŋŋa get into the
game;
qızĝan i. 1) partic. from qızarĝa; 2) hot; heated up, heated;
qız 1) girl, maiden; cetgen marriage age girl;
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Chuvash χěr girl, daughter, woman [Krueger61:239]; Chuvash χěr to glow, become glowing [Krueger61:239];
Chuvash χěrlě red [Krueger61:239]; Chuvash χěvel sun [Krueger61:240];
Chuvash χut to heat [Krueger61:240]; kırkın originally maiden, young woman, later perhaps more specifically
slave girl [Clauson72:654]; kırnāk a slave girl [Clauson72:661]; kīz ‘girl,unmarried woman’ [Clauson:72:679]; amrak
kızı ‘the benign daughters’ [Clauson:72:679]; karī old, old woman [Clauson72:644]; kurtĝā old woman, the feminine
equivalent of avıçĝā and, like it, an old word ending in –ĝa: [Clauson72:648]; kış- in the sense of having the sexual
organs constricted; sterile, barren, of a woman or animal [Clauson72:668]; As can be seen Türküt still had a word for
girl in lr Turkic form (i.e. with r instead of z). The words having to do with red/reddening, anger, frying, heating etc are
from qız i.e. qızarĝa(to be heated, to speed up; have/run a temperature), qızarırĝa (to redden), qızıl (red),
qızdırĝıç(heater), qızĝan, qızıldım, qızĝıldım, qızıĝırĝa(to be interested), qızınırĝa (to take a great interest), qızışiw,
qıziw, qıziwlaw. The word qızıq meaning “interesting’ exists in Kazakh and Kyrgyz. (The word for old woman, karī,
may be related to qart and it may be a coincidence that it shows up similar to kır).
All of these words seem to go back to a time in which fire was created by twirling a stick rapidly. The original root of
the word for rotation/twirling is bur/buđ. If the word originally was with đ, then we could get the sound changes đ>r,
đ>z, đ>d>t (to take into account Chuvash χut). On the other hand, Chuvash may simply be related to common Turkic
ot, in which case, the word might have originally had an initial h/x/χ.
The anger part of the word shows up as murulda (to grumble). The word for girl is derived via slang. The mk
equivalence between Turkic and Sumerian has been shown by Tuna[90]. There are more examples of this in the words
that begin with m in this dictionary. The word for speed shows up as qıziw, qıziwlaw in Karachay-Balkar. In Turkish the
word has split into kız and hız. There is another example in which this happened in Turkish: qatun>hatun and
qatun>kadın. See qatın, qız
arĝa
.
17. adāmum, Mari edēmum “to be engaged in” OA, Mari G stat., activit, business matter D G?; →abmūtum
adamukku → edamukku; adamutu → adamatu ♥; adanattu → adamatu ♣
adh>ash=ish
iş I 1) work, employment (occupation), job, activity, labor; aşıĝış iş urgent work; qara iş physical work;
iş ber
irge
a) to give work; b) to give the task; igi iş ber
irge
to give good work; işin böl
ürge
to interrupt work;
işinden böl
ürge
(or işin qaldır
ırĝa
) to tear off (to distract)from business (work); iş coqluq unemployment; iş
kerek; work tools; iş kiyim working clothes; overalls; işge salıw employment; işge çıĝ
arĝa
to leave to go to
work; işden çıĝ
arĝa
to leave from work; işden çıĝar
ırĝa
to dismiss from work; iş cürüt
ürge
a) law to conduct
business; işi-başı bolmaĝan adam idler;
Chuvash ěś work, business, matter, affair [Krueger61:219]; Hittite ishuil ???; Turkish iş, work
iş II auxiliary word: awruĝan işmi etedi something happened with him/her?; kelgen iş etmeydi he/she
does not come at all (not clearly why); men iş da both I, and others
18. adānum, hadānum (OB often wr. ħa/’a
4
-da-num etc), adannu, adiānu; pl. f. “fixed date, time limit” Bab. (Ass.
→ edānu) [UD.DUG
4
.GA;U
4
.ŠUR] ūm a. “fixed day”; jB ina lA a. “at the wrong time”; astr. “period”; eqel a. “objective”
kathan>kashan>kachan; kathan>kadhan>kadan>adan-
qaçan when, what time; ŋa deri up to what time, up to when;dan beri from what time, since when?;
bolsa da sometime;da a) always; b) at any time; in general; ol da carıq adamdı he in general is a
cheerful man; v) in conj. with a verb of negative value never; ese da at one time, there is no time, in
certain times; ese da bir at one time
Chuvash χăśan, χaśśan when [Krueger61:239]; Turkish ne zaman, when.
qaçaŋŋı belonging to which time; haparnı aytasa? Which news are you telling?
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19. adāru(m) ♣ ħadāru “to be dark, gloom” G (a/u) j/NB [KAXGI
6
]; of day; of gods, people; of heavenly bodies
“become obscured”; of plants? D O/jB “darken”, esp. stat. with pānū/ī “look gloomy” Dt jB, NA “become gloomy” Š
“darken” j/NB, NA N “become dark”; astr. “become eclipsed” [KAXGI
6
] OB, j/NB Ntn iter. Of N jB; → adru ♣ adriš,
adirtu ♣ addiru; na’duru; tādirtu; udduru
addiru “very dark” jB; ← adāru ♣
*kadhadh > kadhang>karang ;; *kadhadh> adhadh> adhar>adar-
qara I 1. 1) black, dark; tum very black; erik prunes; cer black earth; qarĝa a) black crow;
boyalĝan painted in black; bolurĝa blacken; 2) dark; çaç dark hair; küç physical force; iş physical
work; 2. i) mourning; kiyerge to mourn; teşerge to remove(take off) mourning; tutarĝa to observe
mourning; açarĝa to terminate observance of mourning; kiyim mourning clothes; baĝana hist.
shame pole; buday a) rye; b) buckwheat; caĝarĝa to slander, to dishonor; cürekli ill-intentioned,
envious, jealous; ölme (or öltür), cholera; tawuq ölme chicken's cholera; içegile anat. small
intestines; kün misfortune, black day; qaĝıt roofing felt qayın bird cherry tree; qış severe winter;
nanıq bot. blackberry; saĝış heavy thoughts; suw spring; sılıt eterge a) to exhaust b) to beat ;
sılıtın berirge to beat; sürürge to intrigue halq idle people; çeget deciduous wood; çibin the fly
(ordinary); çuŋŋur tomb (liter. black hole); şinli a) brunette; b) swarty; şkildi bot. Bilberries; et
a) meat without bones, fillet b) muscle; butnu etleri muscles (muscle) of a leg; awuz tutarĝa to not
talk, to be in quarrel with;
Chuvash χura black [Krueger61:240]; The word for black in Dravidian is kala/qala. Dravidian shares the
characteristics of not having words beginning with the liquids /l/ and /r/ and not having /f/, and being an agglutinative
language. There are other words in common, for example, kel (to hear) [see qulaq]. See Lahovary for more.
qarantxa karach. 1) silhouette, shadow; vision
qaraŋŋı 1. 1) dark, gloomy, dark; keçe dark night; üy gloomy room; eterge to black out;
boldu has darkened; 2) ignorant, uneducated, uncivilized; adam uneducated man; caşaw uncivilized
life; oyumla backward ideas; 2. darkness, twilight; da in darkness; iŋŋir twilight; aç õ
empty stomach; aşxa-suwĝa close-fisted
20. adāru(m) ♥ “to be afraid (of), fear” G (a/u) NB ēnē a. ‘fear the eyes’ = “with an eye to, in consideration of” D
“frighten” OA, jB Štn iter. of Š O/jB Št pass. of Š N “become restless, worry about” OA, OB, jB Ntn iter. of N OA, OB, jB;
→ adirtu ♥ idirtu; adīru, adīriš; ādiru; mušadiru
adīru “fear” M/jB; ← adāru ♥;→ adīriš
kadhgu>kaygu (kaygI)
kadhar> karar-et> kar-et> kar-ek>kork
qayĝı 1) alarm, excitement, experience, anxiety; 2) intrigues, gossip;4) trouble, misfortune aş food,
money and others for funeral, which bring the neighbours to family died in first three day after death; söz
condolence; söz berirge to express condolence
Chuvash χuχχă care, sorrow, grief [Krueger61:240]; Turkish kaygı, worry.
qayĝıl 1) disturbing; zaman disturbing time; hapar disturbing a message 2) restless, concerned,
anxious, disturbed; 2. 1) intriguer, gossip, taleteller, tale-bearer; scandalmonger
21. addâ “daddy”? OB; addaħšum → andaħšu; addanniš → adanniš; addār → dāru ♣
ata 1. father; ancestor; atam! the father! (the reference(manipulation)), tuwĝan the native father; öge
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stepfather; qayın father-in-law; qart grandfather; tuqum ancestor; ullu grandfather, great-
grandfather, ancestor; qarnaş uncle (on the part of the father); -mı egeçi my aunt (on the part of the
father); 2 fatherly; sözü fatherly word; üy paternal the house; cürek fatherly heart ata curt native
land, fatherland; cer inherited ground; ladan kelgen hereditary
Chuvash ate father[Krueger61:216]; See ata-ana, ata-baba; akka, appa, anna, atas, atta, amma, ana.
Why did all these words accumulate in Karachay-Balkar?
ata-ana ancestors, parental,
ata-baba ancestors; bizni larıbız a) our ancestors; b) a niche a family tree
ataka(y) affect the daddy
atas obsolete father
It should be noted that the words for father and mother in Hittite are attas and annas. Although Hittite is said to be
an IE language, only about 30% of the words are recognizably IE. See ata, ana, amma, anna, atta, akka, appa, etc
appa grandfather
akka karach. 1) grandfather; 2) old man;
22. adi, OAkk, OA also adum, NA often adu, also ad “until, as far as” [EN] 1. prep. of time “till”, “within”, “during, in
the course of’, also adi/u libbi; ad(ī) innanna; ad(i/un)akanni, adikanna “until now” (→ akanna ♥ ); of space “up to, as
far as”, also adi maħar; of amount of silver, degree of hunger; adi ulla “for ever” (→ ulla ♥ ); adi šāri “for all time;
everywhere” (→ qadum; before numerals “times, multiplied by” [A.RA], adi šalāšīšu “three times” (→ GAG 71a; OA →
ana ♣ 15); OA “concerning, on the subject of”; OAkk adi danniš “very much”; jB adi surriš “instantly” 2. conj. (→ GAG
116c, 173a-g) with pres. “until; Mari “as soon as”; MA “while”; NB kī adi in oath → kī 4; with pret. “until; not before, as
soon as”; OA “concenring the fact that”; with stat. “as long as, while” 3. adi lā prep. “before in advance of”; conj. with
pres. or pret. “before, as long as … not” 4. adi muħħi NB, occas. NA for adi, prep. of time, space; conj.; mostly adi
muħħi ša with pres. or perf. 5. adu/ī bīt NA for adi, as conj. with pres. “until”, with lā “before” 6. Am., Bogh. adv.
“indeed, truly” 7. with pron. ştuff. Only in → adīni, adīšu; adianni → adû ♣; adiānu → adānum; adikanna → akanni
arI deri= until there
arı 1. 1) to there; the other; andan from that place to there; bılaydan from this place to there ;
beri hither tither; ne, ne beri tül neither there nor here; alay in that direction; buruwnu canına to
the other side of the fence; qaĝıtnı cı the other side of the sheet 2. particles; qara look there; oraq,
beri çalqı sickle there and scythe here; arı-beri. there and here; cürürge walk/strut about;
deri postposition down to; arı deri a) up to that place; b) while, before that time; up to that point; beri
(or bılayĝa) up to this place: busaĝatxa till now; bügüŋŋe until today; qaçaŋŋa? up to what time?
until when?; taŋŋa till morning; till dawn; ertdemblaĝa till morning; ertdenden iŋŋirge all day long;
23. adru(m) ♥ MA gen. also idri , f.; pl. adrātu and adrū “threshing floor” Ass. as topog. feature; payment ina
adr(āt) ♣ “at threshing time”; NA also “courtyard”?
ındır threshing-floor, barn; basarĝa to thresh grain; basıw thresh(ing); thrashing; aĝaç (or
toqmaq) circuit; aç a temporary current; baĝana ethn. a pole at the centre around of which the bullocks
go while threshing güttü ethn. ritual cake in commemoration of a beginning threshing
ındırçı the worker on a threshing-floor
ındırlıq ( - ĝı) 1) abstr. to ındır; 2) quantity(amount) of sheaves for a single threshing on a threshing-
floor
24. adrû “ibex-like” jB desig. of sheep; ←Sum;; adu →adi kodhudh
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armu ♥ ~ “mountain goat” M/NA, M/jB hunted; as decoration; NA kaqqad a. “goat’s head (situla)”
arru ♥ (desig. of sheep) jB lex.
asliš “like sheep” jB; ← aslu ♣
aslu ♣ “ram; sheep” jB as sacrifice; → asliš
(change r>s has taken place)
atūdu, dūddu, OA etūdum “wild sheep; ram” OA, M/jB; atūgu → adūgu
Tatar sarIk < *karIk (sheep). Uralic(?) kar=sheep
Turkic koy, koyun, kon= sheep < *kođuđ
25. atû ♣ jB lex. 1. (a kind of dark wool) 2. (Gutian word for throwing stick)
addu “throwstick” M/jB; addû → adû ♦; addunānum → andunānu; addurārum → andurāru
atıw gerund at
arĝa
1) throwing; a throw; pushing 2) shooting 3) dismissal
atıwçu 1) arrows(pointers) 2) euph. liar, cheat, deceiver
at
arĝa
II 1) to throw; taş t; qol taş e. throw the shotput; tuz to put salts ( for ex.
in a soup); kesiŋi otha get/be excited, climb on fire to be angry ( for ex. in dispute); mıllık to be
thrown, fall (up)on;; aşarıqĝa mıllıq to attack the food; uzaq bolcalĝa to postpone for long term sadaq
to shoot an arrow; birden to fire a volley; atıb başlarĝa to open fire; atıb sınarĝa (or körürge) to test
in shooting; 4) to dismiss; işden to dismiss (to expel) from work 5) to sow urluq - to sow 6) euph. lie, tell
lies; bu col a atdıŋ deyme in my opinion, this time you lie;
Chuvash ıvăt to throw, cast [Krueger61:220]
26. adû ♣ Ass. adiu; pl. adû, adê “(treaty-)oath; supernatural power of an oath” M/NA, M/NB;
a.šakānu/tamû/nasāru “to establish/swear/keep a treat”; NA a. ša šarri (“loyalty) oath to king”; j/NB, NA bēl a. “vassal”
aytıw II gerund aytırĝa to speak; communicate, make statement etc
aytıw I 1) legend; buruŋdan kelgen the ancient legend; 2) hearings, 3) proverb, saying;
aytıwçu 1) narrator (of folk tales); tawrux tale-teller, story-teller 2) exponent, spokesman,
mouthpiece; halqnı aqılın exponent, spokesman
aytıwlu famous
aytıwtos balk. same as ataypıs narrator (of folk tales)
aytxılı balk. known, glorified, famous; worthy praises
ant oath, vow; ım bardı I have given an oath (vow, promise); buzuw (or buzmaklıq) perjury;
perfidy, treachery; buzĝan perjural, perfidious, treacherous; qarnaşla brothers on an oath; ıma tüz
boldum I did not break my oath; eterge to swear
antçı: frequent oath taker, swearer; ötürükçü bolur frequent swearers are liars
ant-qarĝış oath-damnation; eterge to swear
ant-toba an oath; eterge to swear
27. adû ♥ “now” NB; also enna a. “now then”
endi 1. 1) now, nowadays, now, now; 2. present, present, modern
Turkish imdi, şimdi, now; aŋarū/iŋarū/inaru: ' up to that (time or place)' [Clauson72:190]
Chuvash payan today, now [Krueger61:226];
These words provide evidence that there was a root for time which had the form en/an.
endide karach. 1) in present time, nowadays
endigi 1) contemporary , modern, present, present-day, up-to-date ; adam the modern man
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endigili modern, new; adetle new customs
endigilik ( - gi) modernity(present); novelty
endilede recently; men anı kermegenme recently I it(him) did not see
28.âdu “to take notice of” MB G (pres. ī’d, pret. ī’īd) Š “notify, inform” s.o; → na’ādu
ayt (to say, inform), aytIw (act of informing) (see above)
29. adurtu “village” jB lex.; ←aduru
adurû(m), edurû, aturu, udurû
?
“village, farmstead” Bab. [E.DURU
5
];←Sum.;→ adurtu
kent; kabak; *kand> kad> ad
qabaq (-ĝı) 1) settlement, village; dwelling, court yard; oĝarı utöben lower village;
2) gate; shutter; eşik gate; la gate; shutters; eşikni ları the shutters of a door 3) köz eyelid;
bügeçe qısmaĝanma I have not closed an eyelid this night
qabaqçı peasant, village inhabitant;
qabaqlı 1) having a gate, shutter
30.aduru “mirror”? jB lex.
*kördürüw= that which causes to be seen
körünüş a kind, appearance, exterior; tış ~ ü appearance; tış - ü bla on appearance
kör
ürge
1) to see; notice; 2) to respect, to esteem, etc together with other words; ariw to respect; sıyın
to respect his/her honour; especially to esteem; canıŋ kibik adore, deify, idolize; dan başxa
körmezge a) to respect as...; egeçimden başxa körmeyme I respect you as much as my sister; b) to hate
as...; itden başxa körmezge vulgar to hate as a dog; tıyınşlısıça to render due respect; körüb bolmazĝa
to hate; 3) to try [on taste]; xıçından taste of a pie; aşab (or qabıb) to take a bite as a test; tatiwun a)
to try its taste; b) to enjoy; tiyib to try by touch, 4) dare to touch, to try; qarıwuŋu to test your
strength; bir körsünçü! let him only will try! 5) visit, come to see, call on; awruĝannı t
patient; barıb to go on a visit; 6) to consider(count) to accept; kesiŋden oŋlu to consider better than
yourself; kesiŋe tab to consider convenient for yourself; qabıl to approve; 7) to test, to go through, to
undergo; açlıq to suffer(bear) famine; artıqlıq to undergo violence, injustice; köbnü s
through much; qıyınlıq to go through to difficulties; tınçlıq körmezge to not know rest/peace/quiet; köre
kelgen adam experienced person; ne kördük, körmedik! what we have not tested! 8) to examine; körüb
alırĝa to examine to buy; köremise sen anı! Can you believe that!; körürse künücü! You will see what
happens to you (threatening);
Chuvash kur to see [Krueger61:223]; Turkish gör. Turkish göster (to show). These words are irregular and do not
fit the pattern for lr and shTurkic. The word for ‘pupil’ in Clauson is karak from qara
rĝa
(to look). There might have
been another word for ‘eye’ or ‘to see’. The other words showing similar irregularity is cürü/cüz (walk/swim). See also
köz, göz (eye), körgüz/kögüz, qara
rĝa
körüw 1) action name to kör
ürge
; tüşde a dream; köz bla vision by eyes; sıyın respect; aşab
approbation on taste; 2) sight; anı ~ ü amandı he/she has bad sight
köreme evidently, ostensibly, it seems, it appears
körgen 1. partic. from kör
ürge
körgünçlü karach. 1) evident; indicative; 2) outstanding; adam the outstanding man
körgünçülük (-gü) karach. ethn. same as körümdük
körgüzgen karach. 1. partic. from körgüz
ürge
; 2. an indication; barometrni i the indications of a
barometer
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körgüztme karach. exhibition; el mülk an agricultural exhibition
körgüzülgen karach. 1) partic. from körgüzül
ürge
; 2) specified: kemlikle specified deficiencies
körgüz
ürge
karach. 1) to show; to demonstrate 2) to specify, to pay attention; bolcal to specify a
deadline; işde kemlikleni to specify deficiencies of work; col to specify a road; 3) to expose; to
represent; ariw to represent in good light; qart look old; közge present to the mind, to imagine; 4) to
prove, to testify, demonstrate; bu neni kergüzedi? what it prove? 5) to show, to express; cigitlik to show
heroism; igilik to show kindness; quwaŋŋanıŋı t; qol işni to
train in needlework
Chuvash kătart to show, to cause to see [Krueger61:222]
körgüzüw karach. action name to körgüz
ürge
1) display, demonstration 2) instruction (indication) 3)
display; cigitlik display heroism 4) image
körgüzüwçü karach. index demonstrative; colnu the index of a road; almaş gram. demonstrative
pronoun
körmegen 1) partic. negative from körürge; kibik et
erge
to pretend not to notice; 2) eyeless
körüm rare appearance, shape; ü qolay tüldü on a kind anything good
körümdü same as körümdük
körümdük (-gü) ethn. gift for shows
körümlü outstanding, representative, solid
köründük (-gü) same as körümdük
körünmey secretly, imperceptibly; ket
erge
to leave secretly
31. agāgu(m) “to be(come) furious” Bab. G (a/u; stat. agug) of god, human Gtn “be steadfastly angry”? D stat. only
“is very angry” Š caus. of G N “get angry”; → aggu, aggiš, aggāgû; uggu, uggatu, uggugum; agāi(a)→ agâ
aggāgû “furious” jB; ← agāgu
akku “furious” NA; ←Aram.; → aggu; akkū → kūm
açıw= öçüg
açıw IV anger, rage; boladı create anger; et
erge
anger; to exasperate; asırı d from fury;
açıwlan
ırĝa
to become angry, to be angry; açıwlanıb qara
rĝa
to look angrily
öç III rage
öçüg
ürge
to be angry at; sen meŋŋe nek öçükgense? why are you angry at me?
öçügüw act. to öçüg
ürge
rage, exasperation
ökür
ürge
1) moo (about cows); to roar (about bulls) 2) colloq. to cry loudly
32. ezēzu(m) “to be(come) angry, rage” Bab. G (u/u, later mostly i/i; stat. eziz, also ez(i)) [ŠUR.ħUš] of god,
person; heart, liver etc. Gt OB “rage at one another” (KIZIS) D “make furious”, stat. “is infuriated” Š jB “make s.o.
furious”; →ezzu, ezzetu, ezziš; uzzu, uzzatu; mēzeze; šēzuzu, šūzuzu
Regarding ezēzum and KIZIS see above regarding ‘reddening, getting angry’.
33. agannu, NB aggannu; pl. usu. F. “bowl, cauldron” Qatna, M/NA, M/NB, Am., Nuzi for liquids; of copper, stone,
clay
saxan karach. dish (large); a tray; tabaq large cup, wash-tub
tegene trough; washtub
These words are themselves cognates. See also agum.
aĝ
arĝa
1) leak, to be poured, to be poured out, to spill; 3) to fall, shed its grain; to fly; 4) to run, to flow
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Chuvash yux to flow (of liquids, rivers) [Krueger61:242]; Turkish ak, to flow. Hittite eku, to drink; ak- ‘to pour out,
cause to flow’ [Clauson72:82]; ögen ‘ a brook’; the context suggest that it was something smaller than a river
[Clauson72: 109]. ögüz ‘river’ [Clauson72: 119].
Possibly aqĝan (that which flows), or in Turkish akan (that which flows) are cognate with ögen, and
agannu consists of a suffix which seems to create an agent or instrument from the stem.
34. aga(n)nutillû, aganatallû “dropsy” M/NB [A.GA.NU.ITIL-]; ← Sum
saĝaq: la parotis; awruw mumps
35. agappu(m) (wing]
*kangap> kangat > kanat
qanat 1) wing; 2) edges; camçını lı edges of felt cloak; çabaq fish fins
Chuvash śunat wing [Krueger61:232]; Turkish kanat, wing. The word does not have anything to do with qan/kan
(blood) thus the Chuvash irregularity may point to an answer.
36. agarinnu(m), garinnu O/jB 1. “womb” or transf. “mother” 2. in metallurgy “basin, crucible” 3. “(first) beer mash”
[AGARIN
4/5
; AMA.TUN]; ← Sum. agarrūtu → agru
qarın 1. 1) stomach; belly; womb, belly, paunch; caw a) abdominal bacon; b) paunch; aç ŋŋa on an
empty stomach; suw germ, fruit; pregnancy; aşdan toymay half-starving; calçı obsolete worker for
food; qıssa if a famine comes; Chuvash χırăm belly, stomach [Krueger61:240]. The word is obviously not
derived from qar (snow) but from ‘to dig’. see qazarga.
qarındaş balk. same as qarnaş; arasında da cürür tergew and between the brothers the account is
conducted; the account friendship does not spoil
qarınlı 1) paunchy popul. 2) voracious; 3) capacious ; 4) pregnant woman
qarın-qurun interiors, giblets
37. agāru(m) “to hire, rent” G (a/u) person, animal, ship, cart, house D OA = G N pass. of G, of person; ? agru,
agirtum, agrūtu; āgirum, āgirtu; igru; munnagru; nāgurtu
*angar > *angas> önküç; *angar > agar
öŋküç 1. on loan, on credit; al
ırĝa
to borrow; ber
irge
to lend 2. loan, credit; nü ber
irge
kerekdi
loan should be paid back; açxa loan, credit
öŋküçge on loan, on credit
38. agasalakku(m) agasa/ilikkum(m) (a kind of axe) O/jB [AGA.ŠILIG]; ←Sum → agû ♣
sılı
rĝa
to cut, to slice
sılıw gerund sılı
rĝa
; et incision of meat (for salting or making jerkey)
39. agašgû “youngest son; junior, novice” jB, NA of scribe, physician etc.
*kisgi > kiçi
kiçi 1) younger; emyoungest; qarnaş younger brother
Chuvash kěsen young, small [Krueger61:222]; Turkish küçük. In Karachay-Balkar küçük refers to a dog pup. The
word for small is gitçe. It is possible to relate these to qısxa (Turkish kısa), and thus to kes/kıđ/qıy.
40.agum “wave, flood”
aĝım current, flow, course, movement; zamannı ~ı flow of time; cılı w current
aĝıw gerund aĝ
arĝa
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aĝ
arĝa
1) leak, to be poured, to be poured out, to spill; 3) to fall, shed its grain; to fly; çapıraqla aĝadıla
leaves fall down; çaçım aĝıb baradı my hair is falling out 4) to run, to flow (about a river); qoban azov
teŋŋizge aĝadı kuban runs into the azov sea;
aĝız
ırĝa
1) to drop, to scatter; 2) to drip 3) to force down; samoletnu tob atıb aĝızdıla the plane was
brought down by a hit; 4) to kill; 5) to force down, to shake, shake off; terekni qarın shake off (to force
down) snow from a tree; sabiyle almalanı aĝızıb qoyĝandıla children shook down all the apples; 6)
karach. figurative to eliminate; 7) to overthrow; 1917-çi cılda patçaxnı aĝızĝandıla in 1917 they overthrew
the king
See agannu.
41. agurrum “baked brick
kirpiç (<*kir-piş?; dirt/earth-cook)
qurĝaq (-ĝı) 1) dry; biçen dry hay; otun dry fire wood; cerle waterless grounds; cıl year of the
drought; 2) figurative dry, constrained, with restraint; söleşiw constrained tone; official conversation 3)
figurative empty, useless; söz jabber, empty conversation, fine words; sözlü adam glib talker, phrase-
monger 4) rare dry, thin, lean; wiry, sinewy; adam thin man 5) rare a drought, dry; cerle droughty
places; cötel, dry cough
quru
rĝa
I 1) to establish, to set up; toy to arrange a ball/party; 2) liter., figurative die off , to disappear;
anı qolu quruĝandı his hand has withered
Chuvash χăr to dry, dry out [Krueger61:239]; Chuvash χărăk dry, dried up [Krueger61:239]
Turkish kuru, to dry. Turkish kurak, dry. see quru, quruĝunçu, qurĝaq, qurum.
qup-qurĝaq 1) completely dry 2) dry
qup-quru 1) completely empty; du pred. absolutely empty; 2) absolutely dry; biçen absolutely dry
hay 3) only, üyde menme I am the only one at home
kirpiç brick; aq white (silicate) brick; üy the brick house;
42. aguħħu(m); OAkk Hurr. pl. aguħħena “sash, belt” OAkk, O/jB
qurşala
rĝa
to surround; cawnu to surround an enemy
Turkish kuşat, to surround; Turkish kuşak belt, sash;
“egir- ‘to surround, encircle(something)’ Although there is in Uyĝ. a parallel or sec. f. eŋir- of this verb, as there is of
eg- and some of its derivatives, it is unlikely that this is a caus. f. of eg- since both are Trans. verbs and this one has no
Caus. connotation. ıt is almost syn. w. evir- but can hardly be a Sec. f. of that verb, or vice versa, as both words”
[Clauson72:112]; See the doublet evir-çevir in Turkish.
tegrē(d-) *tegir-; surroundings, the surroundings or rim of something of a well [Clauson72:485]; tögre the rim
(tegerek). [Clauson72: 485]; tögrek ring, circle. [Clauson72:485]; tögerik circular [Clauson72:485]; tegereki: (d-)
tegrē; int the neighbourhood of [Clauson72:486]; tegirmē/tegirmi:(d-) round, circular. [Clauson72: 486]; tegirmi ısırsar
bites a round hole. [Clauson72:486]; tegür- conveyance. [Clauson72: 486]; tegerēn (d-) a rotary mill. [Clauson72: 486];
see KBal tögerek, töŋere.
These words and others related to it have syllables resembling Sumerian gigir, wheel. The common word for wheel
is çarx (said to be Iranian, and related to Sanskrit). The list of words relating to wheel, roundness, etc:
1. qurşow, qurşa
rĝa
see above
2. gırcın flat round bread; may be related to gurun → *urun → un or urun→ürün
3. cıkkır, cıgırık, cız, cıgırıkbaş, cırılda
rĝa
(Turkish gıcırtı, to make creaking noises) related to barrel, roundess,
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roundheaded, make creaking noises like a wheel, etc
3. çırma
rĝa
, çörge
rge
, çulĝan
ırĝa
, cörme, (Turkish sar) to wrap around in various ways/forms
4. küren, qırıq
5. digil-migil (Turkish dingil)
6. mukkur (especially with m→k i.e. kukkur). There are a set of words with initial m which have reflexes in general
Turkic words beginning with k. This likely is because of p→t→k and p→b→m. Some of these can be seen in Tuna.
7. tögerek, töŋerek, töŋŋerçek, toĝay, tomalaq , toppan, toxun
see qurşow, qurşowla
rĝa
, qurşa
rĝa
, aylan
ırĝa
.
qurşalaw gerund qurşala
rĝa
1) liter., figurative environment 2) siege, blockade
qursaq (-ĝı) rare stomach
qurşarĝa see qurşala
rĝa
qurşow 1) hoop; aĝaç wooden hoop, temir iron hoop; al
ırĝa
to surround; şaharnı ãırĝa to
surround the city 2) print. obsolete brackets
43. aħamma, jB also aħammu “apart, separately” OA, occas. Bab., NA; ← aħu ♥
aħatu ♥ 1. “bank” NA (roy. inscr.) of river, sea 2. MA pl. “sleeves” of garment 3. JB transf. Ref. xxxo moral
transgression “limit”?; ← aħu ♥ ; aħātu → also aħāta; aħu ♥; aħâtu → aħitu; aħu ♣
aħê “separately, by itself” O/jB, Bogh., NA; → aħennâ; → aħu ♥ ; aħē’īš → aħî š
aħum “separately, besides” OA; → aħu ♥
ayır< *ađır < *aŧır > aħır(m).
This and the next few show the changes ŧ>h/x. This shows up sporadically and not really in Turkic but in
Hittite and Iranian so was left out of the sound change laws given above.
ayır
ırĝa
1) to divide; to separate, to allocate, to isolate, to dismember; üyden to separate, to allocate
from houses; bolmaĝan inseparable; köpürnü draw bridge; 2) to distinguish, to differentiate (one from
another); bir birinden ayırmazĝa to not distinguish, to lump everything together, not to discriminiate;
tüznü ötürükden to distinguish truth from lie; 3) to understand; allay birni ol da ayıradı it is so much
also he/she understands; hatnı tble handwriting; tersni, tüznü to understand right and
wrong; 4) to select to choose; 5) to touch, to sort; ayırıb al
ırĝa
to choose, to select; urluqnu to sort seeds;
6) to divorce; er bla qatınnı dchem., phys. to decompose, to split; 8) to open,
to construct; col to open a road, also figurative; orun to open a place (create vacancy)
This word is put forward to claim that c-Turkic derived from y-Turkic. However see acırarĝa
Chuvash uyăr to divide, split, share, to make out, distinguish [Krueger61:237]; see car, cırt
carım 1. half; 2. defective; imperfect; ayrımkan a peninsula.
Chuvash śură half [Krueger61:232]; Turkis yarım, half.
According to Miziev, the name Arimaspi, (Herodotus) is mistranslated. It does not mean ‘one-eyed’ but rather ‘half-
eyed’. The word for ‘eye’ according to Miziev was ‘sepi’. There is no ‘sepi’ in Karachay-Balkar but there is xımillenirge,
which indicates that the word might have been Bolgaric since s>x is common in Bolgaric. Furthermore p>m is also very
common. In this case Arimaspi means “half-closed eyes” (qısıq-köz) and refers to a Mongoloid people. If these
Mongoloid people were Turkic or if the Turkic speakers were Mongoloid , they would not have called themselves ‘half-
eyed’. Thus the word, if it is Turkic, was used by Turkic (or protoTurkic) speakers to refer to a Mongoloid people. It was
in the steppes north of the Caucasus that thousands of years ago people from the Middle East and Northern Asia mixed
as can be shown by genetic evidence. It was with these people that the people from the Mideast mixed producing
Common Turkic. See carırĝa
car
ırĝa
I 1) to split, to make a crack; 2) to split; otun to split logs to make fire wood 3) figurative to
cut, to saw; aĝaç to saw wood); 4) to perform surgery; to open, dissect; awruĝannı t
patient; içegileni disembowel bowels; ölükni to to an autopsy; 5) to anger, bring to rage
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Here is a perfect example of the protoTurkic *d showing up as c and y in Turkic languages.
Sumerian dar ’spalten, zerschneiden, zerstoeren’ (D.71; MSL, III, 100) Tk yar- ’yarmak’ [to break in the middle]
(DLT, I, 399; KBI, 523) [Tuna90:]. Chuvash śur to split [Krueger61:232];
cırıl
ırĝa
passive - reflex. to cır
ırĝa
; eki to be cut half-and-half; uzununa to be unstitched lengthways;
cırılĝan unpicked, divided
cırıq (-ĝı) 1. cuts(sections) 2. cut; erin med. hare lip; etek slit skirt
cır
ırĝa
to cut, to dissect; figurative rip open, cut open;
cırt
arĝa
1) to tear; pull out, to pluck; cırtıb al
ırĝa
a) to pull out b) pull out, pluck (for ex. a hair);
It would seem that cırtarĝa (to tear) is related to carırĝa via *car-et and cırırĝa is just another version of
carırĝa via the common change a>ı. Since y/c are assumed to be from *d, the word ayırırĝa is from the same
root with the prefix-a which makes this set an extremely ancient set displaying ProtoTurkic prefixing.
Because the a- is a prefix the root aŧar has nothing do with wieth *aŧ (fire) but is really *ŧar (tear, split)>
*dar > car/yar.
44. aħarriš “in future” jB; ← aħāru
al 1. 1) forward, front; al ayaq front leg; al canı forward part; üynü al canı facade of a house; al tili
ling. tongue in the front position; al tilli qısıq ling front consonants; alların alıb tururĝa to block their way
(i.e. to block their front); al bermezge to not concede (i.e. not to let them get ahead); al aylandırırĝa (or
bururĝa) to face/move (figuratively) in the direction of e.g. atamı-anamı alları alayĝa aylaŋŋandı my
parents have an intention to do that; 2) initial, primary, first al közüwde first time; aldan artxa from front
to back; 3) introductory, introduction; al söz foreword, introduction;
Chuvash mal front, fore [Krueger61:223]; al if really ancient word, meant ‘front, facing, prior position’ [Clauson72:
119]. ulō ‘joining, attaching’ [Clauson72:135]; ulā- ‘to repair(something broken )together; to join (something) to
(something)’ [Clauson72: 126]; probably means to glue the two ends together.
Turkish words related to this ileri (forward), ilk (first), ilet (to take forward, opposite of ‘to bring’), ön (front, from
Mongolian apparently). Karachay-Balkar words elt (to take, same as Turkis ilet). The u-grade version of the word is
ulaş (to reach, to make ends meet, to glue ends); ulag (pack horse) indicating that the first pack animals were likely
goats (ulaq), mountain animals, not steppe animals. see ileşirge, ulow, maŋılay, maŋ.
alda 1) ahead, in front; seni caşawuŋ alqındı you are still ahead; keledi he/she goes ahead;
bolurĝa to be in front; qıyın işibiz bardı we have difficult work ahead; barırĝa to be in the lead; 2)
ref. before; ol senden kelgendi he/she has come before you; mından a) recently; b) ago; beş cılnı
mından five years ago; alda-artda first and last, beginning and end ; aldaĝı 1) first; forward; at the
horse in the front; 2) previous; 3) future, forthcoming; caşaw future life;
alĝa forward; at first; alĝa-alĝa forward; alĝadan for a long time; alĝa-artxa back and forth;
alĝaraqda recently; shortly before; bu andan bolĝandı it happened shortly before that; alĝaraqdan
beforehand; alĝaraqtın karach. beforehand; qayĝısın körügüz take care beforehand
alĝı 1) forward; ĝa ber give forward 2) first; colda for the first time burun at first, first debt;
previously 3) previous; kün the previous day
alĝın 1. 1) at first; oylab, alay söleş at first think, and then speak 2) earlier, before; for a long time; in
former time; 2. 1) bygone, former; 2) first; em first of all; alĝında karach. before, then, in former time;
alĝından long since; kelgen adet long since known custom; alĝınlada karach. before, in former times;
alĝıŋŋı former, last, tiriligim qalmaĝandı I do not have former mobility; alĝıntın karach. before, at first
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munu eteyik we make(become) at first it; alĝınça still;
Chuvash ělěk formerly, once upon a time [Krueger61:219]; Turkish önce, before, earlier, first.
aldası forward part; first part
ala II 1) bir da sometimes; caz in the spring; caz ĝa by spring; iŋŋir around evening; taŋ s
ında early in morning/dawn
axır 1. 1) the end; ı coqdu there is no end; 2) gram. termination(ending), inflexion; inflection;
boluş declensional endings; bet the personal termination(ending) 2. 1) final, last; cılda last year;
sözleri his/her finishing (last) words; his/her conclusions; awal death; awalĝa cetgendi he/she has
reached his/her final agony, 2) final; begim the final (firm) decision da balk. quite, entirely, totally; at
all; da coqdu absolutely is not present
axıratlıq (-ĝı) rel. abstr. to axırat
axıratsız 1. guilty 2. sinner; atheist
axırĝı last, final; söz final word; haparda last news; ellede in extreme villages
axırı 1) end; bolmaĝan infinite; bolmaĝan math. infinite fraction; caşawnu sunset of life 2)
outcome ; romannı õe/climax of the novel 3) nda in result; uruşnu outcome of the fight 4)
(sı) parenthesis.. at last, eventually; to put it briefly
axırsız infinite
There are three important points to notice: (i) there are sporadic cases of ŧ>x which was not shown in the
sound change rules (ii) Turkic mixes up liquids and nasals, among them l-n e.g. Turkish ön (front), önde (in
front) vs al/il/ul (front), ala (time) vs an (moment); alaşa (low) vs en/in (down).,
45. aħātu(m) ♣ NB aħattu; pl. OA aħuātum, OB aħħātu “sister” [NIN] “(natural) sister”; transf. OA as
complimentary term; OB of f. subst.s a. …a. “the one … the other”; ← aħu ♣; →aħātūtu, aħħūtu ♥ aħātatum
egeç sister; egeşçigim my sister; tuwĝan natural sister; den tuwĝan nephew (niece) on the sister’s
side
Sumerian geme `Magd’ (MSL,III.1250), Turkic eke `büyük kız kardeş’ (DLT,I,685) [Tuna ]
ekeç ‘a small girl’ (saĝira) who displays intelligence and makes herself, as it were the (elder) sister of the clan(al-
qawm)’. eget ’(maid)servant’. [Clauson72:101]; ekē originally ‘a close female relative older than oneself and younger
than one’s father’ , that is both ‘junior(paternal)aunt’ and ‘elder sister’, [Clauson72: 99]; later only ‘elder sister’. Cf. eçē,
küküy and baldız. [Clauson72:100]; Chuvash appa elder sister [Krueger61:216]; Chuvash akka elder sister
[Krueger61:215].
Hittite nega sister; written syll., NIN and AĦATU; from OH [GHL-N:425];
In good Akkadian writing one expects NIN-ŠU (for aħaššu “his sister”) in the nom. and acc. but NIN-ŠU (for
aħatišu) in the gen. Hittite scribes generally comply with this rule, but there are notable exceptions such as acc. sg.
NIN-ŠU in [...].[GHL-N:425];
Half brothers could also be designated with ŠEŠ without any additional qualifications: [...]
But the existence of pappanegneš “brothers having the same father” and annanegneš “sisters having the same
mother” proves that compounds could be used to express the distinction between full and half brother/sister. [GHL-
N:430];
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From the pairing of annanegeš “sisters having the same mother” and pappa-Š[EŠ.MEŠ] the meaning of the latter
can be determined.[...] This sets up the equation: ŠEŠ.MEŠ=*negneš “brothers”. [...] This may indicate that at an earlier
age nega meant “sibling” and that negna was the specialized (“marked”) for masculinity. In Luwian the opposite is
seen, where nanasri “sister” seems to have been built upon nani “brother” through the addition of the feminine suffix –
(a)sri. [GHL-N:431];
It is probably also related to öge (foster), and öksüz (orphan, i.e. motherless). It is not clear how far this
goes but it could go back all the way to the ancient Middle East. From the Mari tablets, and Hammurabi’s
laws it is clear that a man’s wife was not his equal. The only exception was if the man adopted his wife as
his sister in which case she was elevated to his rank. Thus Abraham did not necessarily admit to committing
incest when he claimed that his wife was his sister [Bethel]. Thus Akkadian aħaššu (his sister) is cognate
with egeçi, and annanegeš with anadan-egeç or ananı-egeçi. It is not only the word for sister that we find
in Karachay-Balkar but a whole host of words:
It is very clear that these words all seem to be from the root *nekaŧu(m); that is word for sister in Turkic,
Luwian, Akkadian, and possibly even word for woman in Turkic (katun) seem to be all from this root.
46. aħia “outside” j/NB; aħia aħia “each side” of; ← aħu ♥ ; aħiātum → aħītu; aħû ♣; aħirtum → aħertum
aħû (m) ♣ Ass. aħiu “outsider(r), stranger” [BAR] of person, also as subst. “stranger”; (desig. of planet = ) Mars; of
appearance “abnormal”; of textual passage “non-canonical, extraneous” [pl. also BAR.BAR]; ← aħu ♥ + -ī;→ aħītu
Chuvash tula out, outwards, outside [Krueger61:235];
Turkish taş, to overflow. Turkish dış, outside;
Turkish taşı, to carry.
taşı
rĝa
to carry, to transfer, to transport, to move; arba bla to carry on a bullock-cart; çelekle bla to
carry by buckets; otun to carry fire wood;
taşa 1. 1) secret; cı bildirme not distribute the secret 2) latent, secluded place; hiding place; ĝa buq
hide somewhere; 2. confidential, private; zakondan illegal;
This word is related to Turkish taşra (out of the way place, rural area), also to tas (to be lost, to disappear from
eyes). It is also likely related to asıra (to hide), perhaps to Arabic esrar. It is also possibly related to taşak (testicle, from
hidden. tucked away). The verb taş (in Turkish) also means ‘to overflow’and thus possibly related to ‘ejaculation’ and
thus to taşak. It is possibly related to tış (outside). Many words relating to sex seem to have similar form. See also
taşal
ırĝa
, taşay
ırĝa
, teşin, teşik, tiş, tişi, tiri;
taşal
ırĝa
see taşay
ırĝa
;
taşatın 1) in secluded places; 2) confidentially, secretly; aytdı he/she has told on a secret
taşay
ırĝa
to disappear;
tış 1. 1) case, cover; castıq pillowcase; töşek cover of matress; 2) binding, cover, wrapper; kitabnı
~ ı binding of the book; 3) upholstery; divannı - ı upholstery of sofa 4) exterior; appearance; outside
(external) side; üynü ı appearance of a house; üynü içi, ı da sürtülgendi the house is plastered from
within and outside; 2 external, outside; kiyim top/external clothes; eşik outside door; qolnu canı
back side of a hand; canında outside; müyüş math. external angle 4) foreign; qralçı foreigner; ı –
cıltırawuq, içi – qaltırawuq proverb outside nice, inside decayed;
Undoubtedly, taş (overflow e.g. go out), and tış (outside) are related. Even taşı is related to these via the
concept of the scapegoat “carrying the sins outside”, and can be seen in Hittite:
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Hittite nakkuššaħit (Luw), nakkušatar, status of a carrier or scapegoat; MH [GHL-N:375];
(:)na(k)kušši,
UDU
na(k)kušši, nakkušša scapegoat; MH [GHL-N:376];
The term nakkušši/a designates living beings to whom sins are transferred and who are then released (tarna-) in
order to carry off the evils (peda). [...] Since the word nakku might designate living and inanimate carriers of evil, it is
possible that the two words are derived from the same root. [GHL-N:377]
6 tarna to let go [GHL-N:89]; (notice tar-=taş, -na is a verbal suffix in Turkic)
Turkish keçi goat.
eçki goat; qaşxa (or kiyik) chamois, roe (deer);
As before without the initial-n, we obtain kušši≈keçi which is not bad after about 4,500 years. However
reality is much more involved. The Karachay-Balkar version eçki seems closer to enši (sea goat). If tarna
meant “let out” instead of “let go” then taş/tış fits the bill. Further, it can be seen that it has the old Turkic
verbal suffix –na similar to caşna
rĝa
, tırna
rĝa
, oyna
rĝa
, kayna
rĝa
etc. The usage in the Hittite manual refers
to the scapegoat which is ‘let go’ meaning that it might also ‘carry’ the sins and secrets of the affected
individual. It is also possible that tarna meant “cause to carry [away]” the sins, in which case the word for
“carrying” is also there in Turkish e.g. taşı. There is no [other] reason why all these words should resemble
the simple Turkic word taş (stone). We should make note of the sound shift t→k in Türkü(t) (in Clauson).
Notes: It is not difficult at this stage to see many other related words in other languages:
*ŧaŧaŋ > *đađaŋ > Dadacae, yaĝı/caw, yat, tat, dahae, dasyu, düşman
47. aħû (m) “arm, side”
[aru(m) ♣ eru(m), ħarum “branch, frond” O/jB [PA] of date palm, tamarisk, trees; “stalk” of plant; → artu]
qatına to; üynü t
qatında near to; about, near; üynü ñ
Notes: There are probably no other words in Turkic in which the root qat- could possible mean “by
his/her side” e.g. near, except via “arm” e.g. ‘by his arm’, ‘within reach of his/her arm’. There is probably
no better example of the reality of the protoform *qaŧu(m/l) which gave rise to ‘arm’ in many language
families than this word. (see elsewhere)
qaŧum> karı;
qaŧum> qatum
qaŧum> karum> xarum> arum>arm;
qaŧul> qawul> qol> xol > ol-
48.aħurrû “junior” jB 1. “social inferior” 2. “younger child”; ← aħāru; aħussu → uħultu
kaħur<> kasu(r)> kiçi
kiçi 1) younger; emyoungest; qarnaş younger brother
Chuvash kěsen young, small [Krueger61:222]; Turkish küçük.
In Karachay-Balkar küçük refers to a dog pup. The word for small is gitçe. It is possible to relate these to qısxa
(Turkish kısa), and thus to kes/kıđ/qıy, and many many other such words e.g. gıdır, gıday, etc.
Ultimately all these words go back to kVt (e.g. pVŧ>tVŧ>kVŧ, “stone words”)
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49.aħušħu (a wooden object) MB (Alal.), Nuzi; ← Hurr.; aħuššu→ amuššu
akalūtu(m) ”tree” o/jB; → kalûtu ♥
aĝaşçı 1) lumberman, woodcutter 2) forester, forest warden
aĝaç 1. 1) tree, wood; qab wood rind; kömür charcoal; 2) log; forest product; emen oak;
3) 2. 1) wooden qaşıq wooden spoon; 2) wild alma wild apples; bal wild honey; töŋŋertke
karach. build. ring; kişi wild man, savage; yeti/bigfoot; abus. savage; barbarian; v) ethn. wood-goblin ,
patron of woods
Chuvash yăvăś, yıvăś tree [Krueger61:241]; Turkish aĝaç, tree; yīş- ‘mountain forest’, the upper parts of a
mountain covered with forest, but also containing treeless grassy valleys [Clauson72:976]; yāş (?n-) – basically ‘fresh,
moist’; from this extended meanings developed: (1) ‘fresh’ to ‘green vegetables’; (2) ‘moist to ‘running with moisture;
tears’; and perhaps also (3) ‘fresh every year’ to ‘a year of one’s life’, but this might be a different word [Clauson72:
975]. The Chuvash version might go back to yaş/yīş. See also caş, caşil.
50. ai III “where” OAkk in PNs;…;
qayda 1. where; dı? where is it?; edi? where was it?;
qaydaĝı everyone
qaydam doubtfully, it is not known;
qaydan 1) whence; from where; ese da wherever []it] is from;
qayrı to where; barasa where are you going?; ese da somewhere; bolsa da somewhere;
qaysı pronoun will define(determine)., interrog. which one, with what; da everyone, anyone,
everyone, all; sı? which of them?
Chuvash χăšě which, certain [Krueger61:239]; Turkish hangisi, which one.
It should be noticed again, that phoneme alignment algorithms would produce from Turkish hangisi and
Karachay-Balkar qaysı which have ng and y respectively the sound changes proposed here and over the last
N years on various mailing lists and Usenet newsgroup sci.lang.
51. akalu(m), aklu(m) [NINDA; NB also NINDA.HI.A,NINDA.MEŠ ] 1. “bread, loaf; food” [→ also kusāpu 2];
a.ħarrāni “journey bread” a.ginê “offering bread”; a.tumri “charcoal baked bread”; jB bēl a. “guest” (or read kusāpu ?) 2.
NB (a small unit of capacity) [for NINDA as length measure → ginindanakku?] 3. MB “expenditure”?; ← akālu
akālu (m) “to eat G (a/u) [GU
7
] 1. of men, aninals “eat, feed (on)”; of baby tulâša a. “feed (from) her breast”; “bite”
o.’s lips 2. transf. of fire, god causing disease, pest, enemy “consume, devastate”; of pain, grief “consumer; irritate, hurt”
part of body 3. “soak up” liquid, “absorb” fat 4. “use up, spend” money 5. “have usufruct of, enjoy” field, agricultural
product, share, booty 6. in idioms → asakku ♥ ikkibu, karşu; OB math. of wall etc. “decrease in width” Gtn iter. of G
[GU
7
.GU
7
] Gt of lands “ravage each other”; of stars “cover, absorb each other” Š caus. of G [GU
7
] “make” men, animals,
fire “eat, feed on, consume” food, medication, goods, booty, lands; “steep” an object in liquid; OA “satisfy” a claimant; jB
stat. “is infected with a disease Št [GU
7
] OB math. “multiply together”, freq. “square” measured lengths N pass. of G
[GU
7
]; → akalu; aklu; ākilu, ākiltum, akkilu; akiltu; iklu ♥ ikiltu; akussu, ukultu, uklu ♥; ukullû ♣; mākalum, mākaltu,
mākālu; tākaltu?; tākulu; šūkulu, šūkultu; mušākilu, mušākilūtum; → musakkiltu
ākiltum f. ‘that eats’ OB om. Mng. Uncl. Of pest; ← akālu
Turkish ek to plant seeds; Turkish ekmek bread
igiđ- ‘to feed(a person or animal )’
iktüle:- fr. iktü; ‘to feed(a human being or an animal); syn with igiđ- , and so clearly connected with it etymologically.
[Clauson72:104]
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Hittite eku, aku ‘drink, drink to, toast, [Puhvel-1-91:261]
Pal. ahu ‘drink’ ; Luw. akuwa 3 sg. pret. act. akuwatta [Puhvel-1-91:266]
The discreditable tie-in of eku with Lat. aqua ‘water’ and some cognates.. from Hrozny .. [Puhvel-1-91:268]
Chuvash yux to flow (of liquids, rivers) [Krueger61:242];
Turkish ak, to flow; ak- ‘to pour out, cause to flow’ [Clauson72:82];
Turkic words that have to do with eating, drinking etc have remarkable internal consistency and
basically obey Zipf’s law, whereas a word like wataras (three syllables) seems hard to believe to be the
original word for water. Here are some of the the Turkic words: aç (to open), aç (hungry, e.g. open
mouthed?), aş (food), aşa (to eat), iç (to drink), et (meat), it (dog), as (Chuvash meat), at (horse), em (to
suck), yem (feed), yum/cum (to close [the mouth]), yut/cut (to swallow), cey/ye (to eat). It looks like dogs
and horses were on the menu and likely domesticated early. The word for flowing also has a simple root ak.
It looks like Hittite eku some some combination of ak/iç.
We should always recall, using the [in]famous IE equation k=s that eku/aku and aşa (to eat) would be
cognates, especially taking into account ‘factoids’ (presumed facts)[Diakanoff] that in AA /i/ and /u/ were
allophones of /a/.
52. akāšu (m) “to walk, go” Bab., O/MA G (u/u) [DU] of messenger, person, snake Gt “go away” D drive away,
expel” person, disease, demon; “press, push away” part of liver; OA stat. of tablet “is mislaid”? Dtn iter. of D Dt pass.
of D “be expelled, driven off’: → ukkušu
qaçıw act of running [away].
qaçxınçı 1) fugitive, runaway, refugee 2) milit. deserter
qaç
arĝa
1) to run; to escape; qaçıb ketdi he/she has escaped; 2) to avoid, to evade; oquwdan nek
qaçasa? why do you evade schooling?; halqdan qaçxan adam hermit; 3) to elope, to run away to the
groom (secretly from the parents)
Chuvash kălar to go out, issue, subtract; get away (as of fish) [Krueger61:221].
The fact that we see an ı in Chuvash means that the original had an s then ş and that changed to ç later.
Therefore kaska likely is closer to the original in which kas probably meant ‘to jump’. See kaska.
53. akkā’ī akkāya “how?: (interrog. Ptcl.) j/NB; NB a.kī (conj.) 1. “how” 2. “as soon as, when”
qalay II 1) as, how; süyseŋ, alay! a) as you want, as you wish; 2) what; eteyim? What should I do?
qalay-alay: bolsa da a) anyway; b) what there was; desec da as - in any way, anyway
54. akkû, akû “owl” jB lex., NA
uku balk. owl;
ügi: ‘owl’ occasionally with ö- or -k- see Xak [Clauson72: 100]
55. alallu(m), elallu (a stone) Bab. mag., also used in building
aşıq II (-ĝı) stone;
Very strange to find t>0 i.e. see taş.
taş I 1) stone; qısır strong stone; 2) geol., mines; aq quartz; asıl (or baĝalı) jewel; naqut-nalmaz
jewel; soslan granite; tıtır limestone; sın gravestone, tombstone; monument; xırşı g
dordan anat. craw (birds);
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çawul 1. blockage; heap of stones 2. stony; cer stony district; dan awruĝan to suffer from
tuberculosis
Chuvash çul, stone. Etruscan tular, boundary stone. Considering that common Turkic for stone is taş,
Chuvash word should be tul, or tal. Hence this is a Bolgaric word that may be hidden away as a fossil.
Using the sound change rules given, the root seems to be *taŧul from which we can derive all the words
above including the word for stone in Korean tol.
56. alallū II “device for hoisting water” O/jB < Sum
al
ırĝa
1) liter., figurative to take; 2) to subtract; ondan beşni to subtract five from ten; 3) figurative. to
grasp, to take possession;;
Chuvash il to take, to buy [Krueger61:220]; Turkish al, to take.
It cannot be accidental that the word is cognate with “front”. You hold up something in front of you and
depending on the perspective it becomes ‘give’ or ‘take’. In IE the root corresponds to an imaginary “give”.
See also as
arĝa
(to hang, for lever-like hoisting devices used in underdeveloped countries). It should also be
noticed that il- is also cognate with as (e.g. to latch, to hang). See alālu(m).
57. arballu “sieve” NB; ←Aram.
elek ( - gi) a sieve; qıl a fine sieve; cün a sieve for a wool; aĝaç a body of a sieve;
ele
rge
1) to sift that (through a sieve) 2) figurative gossip (about), tittle-tattle (about) to be
Chuvash alla to sift [Krueger61:215]
Once again, it cannot be accidental that both meanings seem to coincide in Turkic.
58. ararratu “female miller, grinder” MB [MUNUŠ .AR.AR (→ţē’ittu)];← ararru
ararru (m) “miller, grinder” Bab. [(LU.)AR.AR(ţē’inu)]; OB bīt a. “mill”; ←Sum.; →ararratu, ararrūtu,
ararrūtu “work of a miller’ jB; ←ararru
ariru “miller’ Bogh. Lex.; ←ararru
alaħħinu(m), alħenu, NA laħħinu “miller”? Ass.; NA (an official in temple service); OA rabi a. (an official); →
alaħħinūtum; laħħinatu
One should notice here that even within Akkadian there is confusion of the liquids.
ezeme edible;
ez
erge
1) to press; 2) to fray, to pound; 3) figurative to oppress, to oppress; cüregin to cause a sincere
pain, to humiliate 4) to eat (slang)
Sumerian
gaz
’to
crush’
(Grd.356),
gaza
(zerbrechen
(MSL,III.143) Turkic ez ’to crush, to pound’, ezme ’crushed, pounded’
eziret
irge
press. to ezire
rge
1) to press to crumple that; to soften that 2) boil soft, to digest that
eziw I 1) action name to ez
erge
a) crush b) oppression 2) bends, yoke 3) meal
eziwçü exploiter, oppressor
Sieve and crushing should not be disconnected e.g. farming, stone used for crushing etc
59. alālu(m) ♥ ħalālum “to hang up, suspend” Bab. G (a/u, pres. OB i’allal, jB illal) “hang (up)” people as
punishment, “hang up, suspend” objects; stat. OB ext. “is hanging” (wr. ħalil et.) Gt “be tangled; be allied with” also in
PN’s OAkk, Ob D stat. Only ext. “is hung (about) with “ s.th. Dt pass. of D Š jB in qāta šūlulu “stay o.’s hand” N of
objects “be hung up”; of lamentation “hang (in the air)”?; → mālatu; ma’lalum?
as
arĝa
1) to hang up, to suspend; çoyun to suspend the cooking pot; otxa to put the pot on fire 2) to
hang up asmaqĝa to hang on the gallows;
Sumerian azgu ‘neck-stock (for use with animals)’ (Grd.331) vs Turkic asgu < as, ‘asmak’ (DLT,I,173), krş, asgu
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(DŞz, 342), asgı (Dsz, 341), asku (Dsz, 345), askı (DSz, 344) [Tuna90:21]
Chuvash us to hang [Krueger61:237]; as (ās) ' to hang, suspend'; üze 'to execute by hanging' [Clauson72:238];
Turkish as, to hang; ıl- iler, with a front vowel (of a thorn) ‘to catch(a garment, etc.)’ [Clauson72:124]
ilin
irge
1) to cling, to be hooked; butaqĝa to be hooked on a branch; çüyge to be hooked on a nail;
ilinib qal
ırĝa
figurative to cling 2) figurative to carp at; birewge to carp at someone; biri biriŋe to be
linked with each other; ilinib küreş
irge
(or tur
urĝa
) to carp constantly 3) figurative to join; işge to join
work; oquwĝa to join study. See alallū.
60. alālu ♦ O/jB G not attested Gt “to sing a joyful song; boast” Š “exult, celebrate” Štn iter. of Š ← alālu ♣
denom.?; → elēlu ♣ elēlānû; alīlu; illatu ♥; mušaħlilu
alĝış 1. 1) good wish, toast (to one's health greeting); eterge to congratulate, to proclaim toast, to
make kind wishes; to thank; aytırĝa to proclaim toast; etiw celebration; a congratulation
alĝışlaĝan 1) partic. from alĝışla
rĝa
; 2) congratulatory;
alĝışla
rĝa
to congratulate, to bless; give one's blessing (to); to welcome;
alkā- ‘praise’ [Clauson72:137]; Turkish alkış, applause.
61. alātu(m) (var. of la’ātu) “to swallow (up)” Bab. G (u/u) ext., transf. of parts of the body or foetus “absorb” D G,
jB also transf. “suppress” revolt; →ma’lātu; → ħalātum
alā’u “to lick” G jB lex. Št → šutelū’u
calaw 1) action name to cala
rĝa
licking 2) karach. (also alıw) bribery 3) bribe 4) salt-marsh (place for
feeding of cattle with salt); iynekle ĝa keldile the cow came to salt-marsh
cala
rĝa
1) to lick; 2) figurative to take bribes.
Karachay-Balkar intial-c corresponds to y-Turkic y, so that KBal cala corresponds to Turkish yala, thus
calaw=*yalaw.
62. ālāyû “citizen, (dependent) villager” O/jB, MA
ālišam “village by village” OB, Mari; ←ālu ♣ + -išam
el I 1) village, settlement, occupied item; 2) people; ni allında before the people; a) someone, some
people; b) very strong; awuzu word of mouth
Chuvash yal village [Krueger61:241]; Turkish il/el village, region, province; uluş ‘country’ [Clauson72:152];
Turkish ulus, country.
63. ālik-pānûtu “going in front, leardership: NB; ← ālik pāni abstr. (→ alāku G 1)
See above for al “front”.
64. alimu “honoured, of high rank” jB; ←Sum.; alīq pī → līqu ♣; āli(s)su → wālidum
ullay
ırĝa
to reach advanced age; to grow old; ullaya bar
ırĝa
to grow old;
ullu 1. 1) in diff. mean. Large, very much, great; 2) adult; adam a) figurative eminent man; b) adult
man; qarnaşım my elder brother; 5) great, prominent; qıynal
ırĝa
very much to experience, strongly to be
upset; köllü bol
urĝa
to become proud, to have too high an opinion of oneself; ullu qaraçay Great
Karachay; bıçaq sabre; kesiŋi kör
ürge
give oneself airs; to show arrogance
There is a lot of mixing up of the liquids/nasals and vowels in Turkic languages. So that there are many
words that resemble each other phonetically and have similar meanings. The words iri (large) which shows
up in other Turkic languages seems to be related to ullu/ulu.
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Sumerian dirig : ’to be excessive, to be too much, too many (Grd.341) ’ubervoll sein, voll sein (D.87), diri
’ubergrosss’ Turkic irig ’sert, kaba, hasin, gayretli’ (KBI,199) iri ’kaba, sert’, ’large, huge, voluminous, big’ (Rd. 546).
[Tuna90: ]. This is also likely the word that shows up in Eridanus (in Herodotus). Turkish has iri.
65, ālku ♥ “course” of canal, “region along the bank” NB; ←Aram.; all…also = ana l…
alku=*arku< aruk (This metathesis is known in Turkic (and other IE languages e.g. Indo-Iranian))
arıq II (-ĝı) irrigation ditch; aryk
arık 'an irritation canal' [Clauson72:214];Turkish ırmak, river; Chuvash śırma river, ravine, gorge[Krueger61:231];
oluk(olok) basically ‘ a hollowed-out tree trunk’, hence ‘trough, boat’, and later ‘gutter. [Clauson72: 136].
Sumerian garim ’Fluss-Aue’ (MSL, III, 109) vs Turkic arıq ’ ırmak’ [river, canal] [Tuna90: ]
There are many other words to which this is related and which have to do with water, liquids and cleaning. For
example eri (to melt); arıt
ırĝa
to clean, to clear; ariwla
rĝa
to clean, to clear; ırĝaq (- ĝı) fishhook; ırxı flow, brook,
stream, jet; 2) balk. flood; ırxız spawn; at
arĝa
( or sal
ırĝa
) to spawn. See also water words, suw, arıt
ırga
, sar, sarna,
ar. Aral (lake in Central Asia), Aras (river in the Caucasus), etc.
66. allaku “always moving” M/jB; ←alāku
allāku “traveller, messenger; agend’ j/NB;← alāku
cayaw on foot; pedestrian; unmounted; Turkish yaya on foot, pedestrian
col I 1) road; arba road; at (or cayaw) a track, (small) path; nöger fellow traveller; 2) way,
method; 3) mode, way (of life), order; caŋŋı ñessage, communications; 5) rate; a direction;
qoy astr. Milky Way;
Turkish yol, road.
yul - ‘a spring, fountain’ and the like [Clauson72: 917]; Chuvash śul 1. road, highway, path, 2. year, 3. tear
[Krueger61:232]; Apparently originally this word meant a river or a canal. See cürü, cüz.
cürü
rge
1) to go, to move, to walk; 2) to be in a course; to function; 3) to be found to be available; 4)
colloq. flirt with; 5) to work to be valid (about the law);
Chuvash śüre to go, wander, travel; śürekele to walk a bit [Krueger61:232]; Turkish yürü, to walk. Chuvash yert
to lead [Krueger61:241] (which might be related to cort/yort). The people called Iurcae (which some people think refers
to Turcae) may indeed have the name that comes from from walking. The nomads in Turkey today are called yürük/
yörük.
Today’s Karachay-Balkar, like other Turkic languages, has the verbal suffix –lV, for example: Turkish av→avla,
Karachay-Balkar cuqu→cuqula→cuqla, aŋŋı→ aŋŋıla. However there are two others –nV, and –rV. The –nV
seems to occur with words which end in a vowel or semivowel, qayna, oyna. The –rV occurs in words such as küre (to
shovel). However, if the original form was –rV, then cürü come from cüre. The fact that this word is very irregular can
be seen from the fact that others relating to this word are cüz (to swim). Only a handful of words have this kind of
correspondance: i.e. kör(to see) köz(eye). From the way the word is formed cüre might have originally meant to
transport, or to move via water. This would mean that the original Turkic (taking into account the split of Turkic *d into c
and y) would have the root as *dü or *du. It is a remarkable fact that this, du, happens to be root of the word “to walk”
in Sumerian.
67. allānu(m) ♣ “oak; acorn” [GIŠ /U.AL.LA.AN]; jB as drug; OA pl. allānū “oak-resin”?; med. [NAGAR(-); GIŠ
.LAM.MAR\ “(suppository shaped like) acorn”; a. Kaniš, allakkāniš “Kaniš-oak” (a tree)
Hittite allantaru ‘oak’ (tree and wood) [Puhvel-1-91:29];
Compound of Semitic allan (Akk. allanu, Hebr. allon ‘oak’) and Hitt. taru ‘tree, wood’. [Puhvel-1-91:29];
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Chuvash yuman oak [Krueger61:241];
emen oak; çeget oak-wood, oak grove; içiriw tanning;
terek (-gi) tree; naz fir, silver fir; narat pine(-tree); nızı fe; emen oak;
What is even more impressive is the word emen-terek! (e.g. allan taru).
68. allû(m) ♣ “that (one)” Nuzi, Ug., jB (= ullû ♣ ); → allânum, allīiš; allikâmma, allukâ
ol 1) pronoun person. he/she/it (anı him/her/it, aŋŋa or anŋa to him/her/it; anda at him/her/it; andan
from him/her/it; anı bla with him/her/it ; anı üsünden about him/her/it ;
aŋŋa 1) dative case of 3
rd
person singular pronoun ol to him/her, to him/her, on him/her;
anı possessive case of ol him/her/it üsüne moreover, besides, in addition; üçün therefore
anıça 1) as he/she , similar to him/her 2) as that, similar to a volume 3) such
anı-munu that and this
alay 1. so, like that; alaysız da by and large; all the same; so and so; mıdı? Is it so?; bla a) thus; b)
and so; ese if is so; in that case; in such a case; then; alay-alay so; alayĝa to there, in that place; alayda
there, in that place; dı he/she there; alaydan from that place; ket leave from there; arı further than
there; alaydı pred. so; such; correctly, is exact; alayla those places; alaylada there, in those places;
alaylay 1) so, in such kind, still; such; alaylayına see alaylay;
allay such; similar, like that; ı such; qallay ese, however it is; bir that much; ol dı he/she is like
that; allay-bıllay so-and-so; like that and like this; allayın as he/she;
69. almānu(m) “widower’ Mari; jB
d
A. as Dn (name of star); → almānūtu, almattu
almānUtu “widow(er)hood” jB in a. alAku “to enter a”,. Nuzi “widower’s allowance” < almattu, almaAnu abst
tul 1) widow; qalĝan widowed, lone 2) divorced, bolurĝa to become a widow
almaslı karach. see almastı
almastı karach. 1) myth. a [house] spirit 2) figurative sorcerer, magician, wizard, witch; qart abus.
old sorcerer
almastu balk. see almastı
almostu balk. same as almastı
Chuvash yumas sorcerer, fortune-teller [Krueger61:241]. Also shows up as alpastı in others.
70. ālu(m) ♥ ēlu “ram” OAkk, Mari, Qatna, MA, M/jB, Am., Bogh. [(UDU.)A.LU(M)] also as ornament
*keli> >ke(s/ş)i> keçi (See kussi, e.g.
Turkish keçi goat;
eçki goat; qaşxa (or kiyik) chamois, roe (deer); et goat meat; süt goat milk
elik ‘female wild goat’; the originally meaning was almost certainly ‘roe-buck’ [Clauson72:137]
71. âlu “to cut”? jB lex.
alu <*kalu > *kesu > (e.g. kıl< *kıŧ>kıs)
kes
erge
1) to cut; to cut off ; 2) to cross; çort a) to cut across; colnu çort to cross a road 3) to
define(determine) to establish; baĝa to establish the price; bolcal to make a deadline or due date;
onow to accept the decision; 4) to interrupt, to stop 5) to corrode; to block, to muffle;
kıstı cracked (about a leather(skin), of hands and so on)
qıptı scissors; qoy shears; qancal roofing scissors
This word may be an extremely old word. Presently, the -dı/-tı, suffix denotes past tense. The word probably
comes from qırptı, or qırqtı, or qılıptı. In Turkish, ‘to cut, shear’ is kırp, but in Karaçay-Balkar it is qırq. The word for
scythe, çalqı, is formed differently than that for sickle, oraq. It is possible that çalqı also had a -dı/-tı form at one time.
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In contrast the form like that of oraq, çelik, now means ‘steel’ in Turkish. The root of the word, çal, is used a verb in
Karaçay-Balkar and means ‘to mow’.
qısxa I 1) liter., figurative short, brief; 2) often, frequently, rapidly ; 3) close 4) abrupt , abruptly 5)
ilik anat. humeral bone ( of an animal)
Chuvash kěske short [Krueger61:222]. The word seems to be related to kes
erge
(to cut), which itself seems to be
related to kıđ→kıy. see kesek.
qıt I 1. shortage, lacking, deficient, scarce
gıdır karach. 1) undersized, shortish ( for ex. about a bush); with a poor grassy cover (about district); 2)
disdain. short (about hair); başın eterge cut; a hair is too short
gıda (also balta) axe (double sided with a wide edge) culduzla Constellation Orion
Chuvash kas to cut [Krueger61:221; Turkish kes, to cut.
These words are likely related to qıđ/*qıŧ which probably also gave rise to qır (scrape), and qıy (to slice), qıyın
(difficult, painful), qıl (e.g. qılıç =sword). The root likely goes back even further to “stone” and more like *qaŧ (e.g.
Kumuk qayçı=scissors). There are too many words to list here. A sample is given to show the various sound changes
that have taken place.
72. a’lu “tribe, confederation” jB (Ass) [GIS.DA] < W. Sem?
kawum < *kaŧum > *kalum > alu
qawum 1) group, category, grade
qawumçuluq (-ĝu) abstr. to qawumçu sectionalism
qawumlan
ırĝa
to be grouped, to be divided into groups
73. alūtu (a kind of soup) jB lex.
aşa
rĝa
to eat; et to eat meat;
Chuvash aš meat[Krueger61:216]; Turkish aş, food; aş, food [Decsy98:39]
It is said that this word is from Iranian. Some of these are borrowings from Iranian into Turkish, for example, aşure.
However there are problems. The most important reason is that internal reconstruction in Turkic produces an amazing
internal coherence: aş (to eat), aç (hungry), aç (open, as in open-mouthed), iç (to drink), açı (bitter). The verb acıkmak
(to be hungry in Turkish) is irregular. Usually verbs created from nouns have suffixes –la or in some cases –na,
therefore pointing to very early days. Furthermore, other words such as at (horse), and it (dog) very closely resemble et
(meat) and aş (food). Going further back in time (and across Turkic languages) we find Turkish haşla (to cook by
boiling), piş/biş (to cook in various Turkic languages, Turkish ısı (heat), Karachay-Balkar issi (hot), Azeri isti (hot),
Hittite hassa (oven). Karachay-Balkar also has aşxın (stomach), azıq (provisions), aşarıq (food), and
uşxuwur/şkuwur for food, which is very highly likely left over from Bolgaric. See aşaw, aşaw-caşaw, aşlaw, aşlıq, aş-
suw, aşügü, aşura, aşaw-içiw, aşarıq-içerik. See also et, it, and at.
aşarı-içeri meal, foodstuffs
aşarıq (-ĝı) 1. meal, food, dish; et meat dish; issi hot food; eterge to prepare dinner, cook;
aşarıq-içerik (-gi) meal, provisions, foodstuffs
74. amaħħu, amuħħu “enceinte, city-wall” jB; ←Sum.
kabak<*kabakku > amaħħu
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qabaq settlement. . The word also shows up in Azeri e.g. gabag
qabaqçı peasant, village inhabitant;
qabaqlı 1) having a gate, shutter
qabırĝa 1) wall; 2), side, lateral; 3) slope, hill(-)side, slope of a mountain; 4) board;
In Turkish the word qaburga means ‘rib’.
75. amāriš (strange) “to look at” O/jB; ← amāru ♣ + -iš
amāru(m) ♣ “to see” G (a/u) [IGI; IGI.DU
8
] 1. “see” s.th., s.o.; “dream” a dream; “look at” inspect, examine”, “read”
tablet etc.; pān X a. “see face of X”, “see X in person”, NA/NB “get audience”; OAkk, Ass. ēn(ē) X a. “visit X”;
“experience, get to know”; “examine” inspect, keep an eye on”; “look after, look with favour on” persons’ “be shown”
brotherhood, favour on” persons; “be shown” brotherhood, patronage; “suffer” punishment, loss; “see”, i.e. “make,
profit”; ina qāti(m) a. “learn from s.o.” 2. ingress. “see, catch sight of’: “find”, “locate, discover, trace (out)”; “establish” the
results of a calculation 3. act. stat. “recognizes; comes to know”; NB/NA ina/ana muħħi X a. “is devoted to X”, NB also
“is keen on” s.th. R Mari Gtn iter. of G; Mari stat. “has learnt thoroughly” Gt jB “see from now on”?, mng. uncl. D rare;
OA “examine” metal; → mummertu Š caus. of [IGI;IGI.LA] 1. of animals, tablets etc. “be seen”, of heavenly bodies
“becoem visible, appear”; “be found”; “be checked inspected” 2. recipr. “meet with (=itti), happen upon” s.o.; astr., of
heavenly bodies “be opposite” Ntn iter. of N 1; → amāriš, amru; amertu ♣ . ♥; āmeru, āmertu, āmerānu; ammāru;
atmart?; imru; mummertu; nāmaru, nāmartu; nāmurtu; tāmartu; nanmurtu; → kallâmāre
āmerānu “eye-witness” MA, M/jB; ← āmeru + -ān
amertu ♥ ameštu “inspection, review” NB of soldiers, grain etc.; ← amru
āmertu f. “that sees” jB; ←āmeru
ammāru; pl. ammārāni “overseer” NB; ← amaru ♣;→ ammaartu; ammaruakal → ammarkarra
amru(m) “seen, chosen” by DN etc.; “inspected” of troops Bab., NA; jB lā a., also pl. lā am(a)rātu “’not seen’,
unseemly”; ← amāru ♣
Akkad m=r Turkic, can be seen in many words. It is not clear if n=r led to n=m and thus to m=r. The usual
confusion r=l also leads to m=l in some cases. However, vestiges of the earlier(?) version also shows up as below.
qamat
ırĝa
causative of qama
rĝa
blunt, dull; köz qamatxan carıq dazzling light; künnü tayaqları
közlerimi qamatadıla the sun blinds my eyes
Turkish kamaş 1. to be dazzled (eyes) 2. to be set on edge (Redhouse)
Turkish kamaşık 1. dazzled (eyes). 2. set on edge (teeth). (Redhouse)
qara
rĝa
1) to look; caşırtın to peep; citi ( or igi) to peer at; to look closely(attentively); qıyıq to
look sideways/askance; to scowl; oĝartın to look haughtily; tögerekge to look around; erşi (or xını)
give an evil look; suqlanıb (or süyünüb) to admire, to look with craving; sınab to observe, to study;
suwuq to be indifferent, to concern negligently; tarıĝıwĝa to consider the complaint; izleb look out
(for), to search by eyes; allına to wait
köz 1) eye; 2) sight; aldaw optical illusion; ün qarmaltırĝa to blind, to deprive of sight; 3) sight,
look;
kör
ürge
1) to see; notice; 2) to respect, to esteem, etc together with other words; 3) to try [on taste]; 4)
dare to touch, to try; 5) visit, come to see, call on; 6) to consider(count) to accept; 7) to test, to go through,
to undergo; 8) to examine;
Chuvash kur to see [Krueger61:223]; Turkish gör. Turkish göster (to show). These words are irregular and do not
fit the pattern for lr and shTurkic. The word for ‘pupil’ in Clauson is karak from qara
rĝa
(to look). There might have
been another word for ‘eye’ or ‘to see’. The other words showing similar irregularity is cürü/cüz (walk/swim). See also
körgüz/kögüz, etc.
Chuvash kuś eye [Krueger61:223]
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76. amārum ♥ “to pile up bricks” G (i/i) OA; ← amaru denom.; amarwumma → amaru ♣; amāsu→ amāşu
qala
rĝa
1) also figurative; to put(fold), to pile, to heap up; 2) to load;
qalaw 1 gerund qala
rĝa
; 2) heap, pile, mass; a blockage; taş hound
kālā- to heap up [Clauson72:617]; kalī- originally to rise in the air [Clauson72:617]; kalī- normally the air by itself
but kök kalık the visible sky, structure open to the sky [Clauson72:620].
The root of this word qala (to pile up, to pile high) originally meant something like ‘high’. We can see this from other
words derived from it. For example, in Turkish kalk (to rise, to stand up), kalabalık (crowded, piled up), qalança (KB,
watch tower), and hence qala (fort, fortifications, i.e. piled up defensive works). Another example is qalca. Other words
are qalqa
rĝa
(to soar, for birds), qalta (foreman), and qalqala (raising the hand). qalabalıq (-ĝı) karach. tumult, turmoil,
crowd; a panic; qalqala raise (high) of a hand; qalqıw floating, levitation on a surface; 3) swelling (for ex. ven);
qalqıwçu fish. float; kesin qaltaq etib having become proud, to have too high an opinion of oneself; qaltaqbaş with
assumed important bearing ; qaltaqlıq (-ĝı) from qaltaq selfish, self-conceit
It is not clear if qalqı
rĝa
(to nap) and qalqıw (dreams) can be related. Flying dreams are common in humans so it is
not too farfetched to think they are related. The word költür/kötür (Turkish, kaldır) means ‘to lift’. Since it is in the
causative tense, it really means ‘to cause to xxx”. We can surmise that xxx is really ‘high’ i.e. cause to go high. This
word then is a cognate of Sumerian gal (high) which shows up in lugal, (lu-gal literally high man, eminent man, and
thus king). In Sumerian gar meant ‘much, big,rich, abundant, large, very much, etc’. In Karachay-Balkar this is
preserved in qarıqulaq, with large ear, and in others such as ......... The second meaning of qara (usually meaning
black) in Karachay-Balkar is basically the same. One of the Bulgar tribes that is usually named kutrigur, is likely
kötürgür/ költürgür, meaning ‘uplifted ones’ (ruling classes, or upper Bulgars). The other which is usually denoted as
utrigurs/utirgurs is likely to be ötgür (courageous).
77. amāšu “to be paralyzed”? jB G lex., med., of hands etc.; → āmišu?; anšūtu; imšu; umšu; imištu
qabışıw gerund state of being frozen, stiff, e.g. dead
qabırçaq (-ĝı) firm, tightened
See words connected with qabış
ırĝa
.
78. amma “look!; lo!” OA before nominal and vb. sentences, for emphasis; → ammāmin; ammaka, ammânum,
ammîša; ammiu
ma I particle 1); ma alaydı that’s how it is; ma bu this; ma busaĝat now; ma bılay like this; ma
bılayda here; ma mında here; ma qara look; ma saŋŋa like hell!; ma ol that; ma anda there
ma II particle take!, here! ; maĝız take; Ma, kiy Here! Wear it!; Ma, aşa Here!, Eat!
ma III interj., expresses surprise, unexpectedness
79. ammal “as much, as many as” MB (Ass.); → ammar; mala ♣
ma allay bir that much
80. ammāmin “would that, if only” OA + prêt
amma but, however
Turkish ama but, however
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81. ammatu(m) ♣ “forearm; cubit” [KUŠ ]; kişir a. “elbow”; as linear measure “cubit”, st. abs. ammat [1.kus]; NB as
area measure, also a. şeħertu “small cubit”; NB as vol. measure a. qaqqari; X ina ammati “X cubits (long)”; a.rabītu “big
cubit”; a.šarri “royal cubit”; NB astr. (a measurement of angle); jB transf. “strength”?; lex. “cubit-measure” of wood?
ammatu ♥ abbatu ‘strong, stable’, syn. for “earth” jB; also term. –adv. Ammatiîs
See above for entry regarding arm/kol, strength (qarıw) etc.
82. ammu ♥ ( a name of the Tigris) jB lex.; ammu → also ammammu ♣; emmu; ħammu ♥;
amu(m); pl.f. “raft” Bab., usu. Of reed; → ħāmu
River Names in Turkic areas: Kama, Ullu kam, Ulug Khem, Saviri Kom
keme vessel; ship; cük the barge; tartiwçu tow; cürüw navigation; işlew shipbuilding;
işlewçü a) the ship builder; b) shipbuilding; ship(yard);
Chuvash kimě boat, ship [Krueger61:222]; Turkish gemi, boat, ship.
kamış water (Turk Mitolojisi, Ögel, 2. cilt, s. 415); kamus sea (Kamus-I Turki); gam nemli (humid) (Derleme
Sözlügü); göbūt wet (Derleme Sözlügü); Turkoloji Mailing List: Message 5589, Feb 14, 2003
According to Miziev, Kimmer (Cimmerian) is from kamer (river men). With the Chuvash pronunciation
kamer would become kimer, exactly as required. Ditto for Subar→Sumer (sub er). The confluence of the
major rivers in Karachay-Circassia is called Ullu Kam. There is a river named Ulug Khem in Central Asia.
There are other rivers in Asia with the word Khem in them. The word for island in Balkar is ayrıkam (river
splitter).
83. amtu(m), NB also andu; pl. amātu(m) “maid female slave” [GēMē; OB freq. Š AG.GēMē; Am., Nuzi also
MUNUŠ .GēMē, MUNUŠ .IR] of social class; OA, of Anatolian spouse; also desig. of o.s. in letters addressed to
persons of higher rank; a. DN “servant of DN”; a. ēkalli(m) “slave of the palace”, NA “royal concubine”; NB a. šarri “royal
slave”; a.-šarrūtu “position as a royal slave”; → amūtu ♣; amtuttu; → qinnatu
amma mother
Indeed one can find this root in the form amran- Refl. f. of amra:-; basically ‘to be friendly, loving’ ‘to desire,
lust’. [Clauson72:163]; amranmak 'a loving disposition'; [Clauson72:164], Kzk émren (to fondle, of a mother), and
Turkish imren (to long for, covet, originally probably originally ‘to lust’), and directly in Turkish as
am/amcık (vulgar for vagina). Karachay-Balkar suklan (to covet from suk, to insert) likely came from a
similar concept. Then there is no surpise if Arabic um (mother), is found to be related to this set of words.
m=k
eke, eket, egech, negash, ekathum, etc (see elsewhere)
84. amû ♦ ~ “palate” jB lex.; ←Sum.
Turkish damak palate
tamaq (-ĝı) 1) throat, larynx; ters respiratory tract; ariwlarĝa to clear the throat; awruw med.
quinsy; süyek adam's apple 2) voice; xırxa bla cırlab tebredi he has begun to sing by in a hoarse voice;
ım xırxa bolĝandı my voice is hoarse
tam
arĝa
to drip, leak by drops; caŋŋur tamıb başladı rain drops are falling; tama-tama köl bolur, aĝa-
aĝa sel bolur proverb drop by drop a lake is formed, flows become floods;
tam-(d-) to drip [Clauson72: 503]; tamla- to drip [Clauson72: 503]; tamçur-(?tamçir-) tam- [Clauson72: 503]
tamĝāk(d-) constantly dripping. [Clauson72: 505]
85. amūdāya, amūdu (a wooden part of the harness) M/jB; → mudāyû; amuħħū → amaħħū
gemuda folklore Horse of nart Alawĝan
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86. amūtu(m) ♣ ♥ OA amuttum ( a precious metal, phps.) “meteoric iron” OA, Am. [KUG.AN]
temir iron (also chemical element) iron; qatı fm iron; col railway; betli grey, steel, color of
iron; boq slag; tayaq crow-bar; ni issiley (or qızĝanı bl a) tabla proverb strike while the iron is hot;
tamıđ- to blaze up. [Clauson72: 504]; tamū hell. [Clauson72: 503]; Chuvash timěr iron [Krueger61:235]; Turkish
demir, iron. Etruscans had their iron mines on the River Tiber. These words are linked to the Middle East via Sumerian
tibira, and Hurrian tabali (metal-casting/er)and a whole host of Turkic words having to do with fire, and metal working.
See tab, temir, taba, tabak, tepsi/tepir, tıbır, tamĝa,, tabınırga/tapınmak, tamada/tamata, etc
But there are other surpises from the connection of Turkic to the Ancient Near East (ANE). Here is
probably one of the great problems yet of linguistics and particularly Mideast, archaeology, and even
metallurgy all rolled into one big mystery.
Hittite labarna, tabarna PN which became the title of Hittite kings, from OH/TOS, written syll. and once LUGAL-
na [GHL-N:41]
The distribution seems to confirm the theory that labarna or tabarna was first a PN. Because it was borne by an
early king (and one or two princes) it became the traditional designation for the king which linked him with the early king,
whose personal name was Labarna. The title was predominantly spelled with la- in Hittite rituals; Hattic and Palaic ritual
texts use only the form with ta-, [italics mine] which was taken over in a few of the Hittite rituals. [...] the title occurs
mostly in Akkadographic formulas, where it is always written with ta-. Outside these formulas it occurs spelled with la-
only once.
[...]
Hrozny [...] (considered Tabarna and Labarna the same word, explained as different renderings of /tl/); Gotze [...]
wondered if Tabarna was connected with tapar- “Gewalt ausuben”); [...] Sturtevant [...] (followed Sommer, but derived
the “Luwian(?) title tabarna “ruler” from the verb tapar- “to rule”); Sommer [...] extremely thorough and fundamental
analysis which is even today valid in almost all points; attempts to determine the criteria by which texts in different
languages [Hitt., Hattic, Akk.] and from different periods preferred the writings with la- and ta-; argued for an ultimate
common source for the two differently spelled words [...]; Laroche [...] opposed M. Riemschneider’s connection with
hieroglyphic Luw. tap(a)r(a)- “hare”); Kronasser [...] (assumed a “Cappadocian” root *labar- “to rule” and defended the
connection with both Luw. tapar “to rule” and hieroglyphic Luw. tap(a)r(a)- “hare”); [GHL-N:43];
“the cupbearer once pours wine with a silver tapišana vessel” [GH-P:123];
These words bring up a controversial spot in Turkic studies because there are so many things that can go
wrong in the discussion. It is just as well to put everything or as much as possible here. First a summary
(below), then a deeper discussion:
Elteber exists in Turkic with essentially a similar meaning. There is a region in Karachay-Cherkessia
named Teberdi (Teberda). The word may be from Tabarna or it may be Teyriberdi (like other Turkic
names such as Hudaverdi, or Allahverdi). The word tabar may be may be related to temir, tabal, tibira
etc and might denote someone who was something like an combination iron-worker, smith, and geologist in
the early days. The word for copper (bakır/baĝır) is formed very similarly to temir and likely came from
the same people. It is quite likely a Bolgaric suffix since such words as ullu üyür and uşxuwur in Karachay-
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Balkar, and names of tribes such as kutrigur, utrigur, onogundur etc all seem to be Bolgaric. The word root
seems to be fire, or heating or metal working, judging from all the words that exist in Turkic:
Chuvash timěr iron [Krueger61:235]; Turkish demir, iron;
tamıđ- to blaze up. [Clauson72: 504]; tamū hell. [Clauson72: 503];
tāp 'trace, footprint, mark, scar'; tap 'suitable, congruous' [Clauson72:434];
tāb 'scar, mark on the body' [Clauson72:434];
(tapār, tapmāk); yalŋuk tapar karınkā 'man serves his belly' [Clauson72:435];
tap- 'to serve; SW Osm [Ottoman] tap- 'to worship' [Clauson72:435];
tapçān/tapçaŋ 'a thing in the shape of a tray 'a thing in the shape of a tray with three legs' [Clauson72:436];
tap-; 'service' [Clauson72:437]; tapıĝ; 'servant'; tapiĝ; 'dutiful' and the like [Clauson72:438];
tepiz lit. 'salty ground, a salt pan' [Clauson72:448];
*tepĝēk, tepük 'a thing cast from lead' [Clauson72:439];
tabındur- to subjugate' [Clauson72:442];
tepreş 'an earthquake' tevir- 'to twist, turn' w. evir- and çevir-[Clauson72:443];
teprē- 'to move, stir, shake' kamşadı 'moved and swayed'[Clauson72:443];
tovrādī 'the small thing became big'; tavrā- 'to hurry hustle'[Clauson72:444];
tabrat- 'to turn(something) no a spit'; teprē- 'to move, shake, disturb' teprē- 'to move'[Clauson72:444];
tevsi 'dish, plate' chinese tieh tzu same meaning (Giles 11, 123, 12,317; Pulleyblank, middle chinese dep tsi) this
is more plausible that Sir Harold bailey's suggestion that the word is ıranian. tebsi/tepsi; taĝār 'a large container',
usually but not necessarily ' a sack'. taĝār 'a sack fpr containing wheat and other things'[Clauson72:471];
taĝara 'an earthenware, dish'; taĝarçuk 'a leather bag'[Clauson72:471];
tekne trough; [Clauson72: 484];
taban 'the sole of the foot' [Clauson72:441]; taĝlā- (d-) fr. dāĝ 'to brand'
tavĝaç the name of a turkish tribe transcribed in Chinese t'o po ... Middle Chinese t'ak bat .D. 386 to 535] china
tavĝaç Theophanes Simocatta who wrote in the second quarter of vii... called tourkoi…tavĝaç should be thus be
transcribed in the türkü texts.[Clauson72:438];
tavĝaç means uygur, which is the same as tat and 'chinese' is tavĝaç [Clauson72:438]
tat tavĝaç meaning 'persians and turks' [Clauson72:438];
kāv tinder kav, kaw, kō, kū, kaĝ, koĝ. l.-w. in Persian. kāv tinder [Clauson72:579];
çavār 'kindling'[Clauson72:398];
tapşur- caus. f. of tapış-; 'to hand over, entrust' [Clauson72:447];
tavışĝān 'hare' L/R turkish form *tavılĝān [Clauson72:447];
koyan (?kodan) tavışĝan (once spelt tavıçĝan) [Clauson72:447];
tıbır 1) hearth, fireplace; taş furnace stone; töben the not honorable part of
a room; far from the hearth; anı bir ayaĝı d, bir ayaĝı qabırdadı he/she has one
leg in the hearth, the other in a grave
temir iron; qatı hong iron; betli grey, steel, color of iron; ni
issiley (qızĝanı bla) tabla prov. strike while the iron is hot;
tab 1) scar; 2) convenient, comfortable, handy; 3) good, well, skillful, witty;
4) smart; witty; 5) even; 6) though;
tab baş with a scar on a head
taba frying pan; xıçın pie baked on a frying pan;
tabaq (-ĝı) plate, bowl, dish; saxan tray; çara large wooden cup
tabla
rĝa
1) to beat off, to whet çalqını t
tablaw from tabla
rĝa
forging; smithery
tablawnu whetter (of scythe)
tamada 1. 1)toast-master, master of ceremonies; 2) senior, chief; üynü sı head of
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a house; murcar main bed 3) elder, patriarch, doyen 2. 1) grown-up; qarnaşım my
senior brother; 2) main; head;
tamata balk. see tamada
tamĝa 1) figurative stain; tüşür
ürge
to soil; 2) brand; sal
ırĝa
to brand, to
stamp; to stigmatize;
tamĝala
rĝa
1) to brand, to stamp; to stigmatize 2) figurative to soil, to spot, to
stain; to smirch
tamır 1) root; qıtay ginseng; terekni ı a root of a tree; ı figurative
beginning, basis; bilimni ları
basis of knowledge; 2) anat. vessel; qan blood
vessel;
tamızıq (-ĝı) spark, kindling (splinter, chip, etc. for kindling)
tamız
ırĝa
to pour a bit, to drop; ot light a fire; to kindle
tabın
ırĝa
1) rel. to worship; to esteem; to serve (as to a deity);
rel. to be
christened; to be asked 3) figurative adore, deify, idolize, worship, bow (to,
before); kneel (before)
qabındır
ırĝa
1) to set fire, to kindle ; salamnı
tt fire to straw; ot to
kin
) to l
ülleni to light a pipe 3) figurative set on, to incite
dle fire 2
ight;
qabındırıw from qabındır
ırĝa
1) firing, arson; kindling 2) get a light from another
cigarette 3) figurative; instigation qabındırıwçu rare lighter
qabın
ırĝa
1) to light up, to be ignited; ot qabındı fire has lit up, fire has engaged
2) figurative to be angry, to flash; ceŋŋil qabıŋŋan a) easily inflammable;
inflammable; b) figurative quick-tempered
qabınıw from qabın
ırĝa
1) fire, ignition 2) rage, flare 3) uncontrollable desire
qabınmaqlıq abstr. to qabın
ırĝa
1) fire, ignition 2) rage 3) rough desire
qawdan dry herb (on a root), winter pasture; mal cattle on pasture, to a forage
(winter)
qawursun dried, dry, biçen overdried hay
quw II tinder, match; qabıŋŋandı the tinder has lit up; çaqĝıçsız qabınmaz
without a spark tinder does not light up
quw III 1) dry; otunla dry fire wood; et
erge
to dry; 2) liter., figurative dried
up, dried, faded; terek a dried tree; bol
urĝa
a) to dry up (for ex. about a tree);
terek bolĝandı the tree has dried up; b) wither (about extremity); anı qolu du he
has a withered hand; 3) gaunt, scrawny; lean; poor, emaciated, skinny; bolĝun! a
damnation may you be gone!
The tab (fire, heat) today has changed in Karachay-Balkar to qabın, qabındır, etc. See related words
for comments. This word seems to be related to a host of other words having to do with fire, however in
other forms the /q/ is replaced by a /t/ such as in Turkish tav. Although it is said that these words are
borrowed from Farsi/Iranian, there is good cause to think that they have been in Turkic for a very long time,
or were originally in proto-Turkic in some stage, since these words are also related to the words for forging,
iron etc, such as temir (iron), tıbır (hearth). These words can be traced all the way back to the ancient
Middle East, and the root ‘tab’ which is thought to be Hurrian. However, there are other words in Turkic
that are related and refer to related objects such as tamır (vein, iron ore vein), Karachay-Balkar ‘tab/tap’
(scar, burn scar), tamĝa (stamp, iron brand), or tabın/tapın (to worship) recalling that the fire-worshippers
of the Middle-East/Transcaucasus are famous, so that if these words are from the transcaucasus region (i.e.
Hurrian), then it is easy to see why the word having to do with fire, forging, etc has to do with worship.
The word taba likely goes back to the word for fire, heat found in Sumerian, and to related qabın,
qabındır, tıbır, tamĝa (stamp, originally brand on animals made with a branding iron), tap (scar),
Turkish, kav, tav and other words related to iron-working (metal-working) and smelting. This word is also
likely related to Karachay-Balkar toba, Arabic tewbe, and Turkish tövbe. The Scythian god Tabiti may
also be related.
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Etruscans had their iron mines on the River Tiber. These words are linked to the Middle East via
Sumerian tibira, and a whole host of Turkic words having to do with fire, metal working. The word, tab, in
Karachay-Balkar is a clear reference to scarring due to a hot iron and is related to the word tamĝa (brand).
This meaning of taba (frying pan) is also likely related others such as tabak (plate), tepsi, tepir (Turkish),
and might have to do with metals-working such as beating copper with a hammer or is related to the original
word which had to do with metals-working and not simply iron-working. One can easily see
tepir→tepis→tepsi although others claim it is from Chinese. If that is so, and if tabak is from Arabic why
are all the *t words connected semantically accumulating in Turkic languages?
There is a great deal of evidence to show these words and others like it were not borrowed from Iranian
but the reverse; they come directly from protoTurkic and it goes back to the original Middle East homeland.
This word tibira (iron in Sumerian) and also tabira-Hurritic, i.e. an "agent-orientated resultative -iri/e
participle" (Wilhelm), or "antipassive-participle", derived from the Hurrian root tab/taw (to cast metal). In
Hurrian this root has the derivations tabali (copper-founder) and tabiri (he who has cast. For details see G.
Wilhelm, ["Gedanken zur Fruehgeschichte der Hurriter und zum hurritisch-urartaeischen Sprachvergleich",
in: V. Haas ed., Hurriter und Hurritisch (Konstanzer Altorientalische Symposien; II, Xenia Konstanzer
Althistorische Forschungen und Symposien; 21): 43-68, Lonstanz : Universitaetsverlag 1988]. Of course the
author of this article was quite likely completely unaware of the connection of Turkic to these words thus
this is independent confirmation that these words come directly from the Mideast from ancient times.
Hurrian was spoken basically in the exact same region where the Turuk(ku), the Kuman(ni) and the
Khumuk(ku) are found in the ancient Middle East (today’s southeastern Turkey). This is exactly the same
region in which Benno Landsberger, the great Sumerologist put the two substratum of Sumerian “Tigridic”
(Subaraic) and “proto-Euphratic”. But the Subars are the same people whom Miziev thinks are those that
derive their name from protoTurkic *subar (river people) and whose name likely went through the changes
Subar
→
Suvar
→
Suvash
→
Chuvash. They can be traced in history; sometime in the early parts of the first
millenium the Sabirs are found in the NorthEast Caucasus, sometime later they have apparently moved into
the steppes, then onto the Urals, and even later they are in Siberia (to whom they bequethed their name).
And Chuvash is a Bolgaric language which is more archaic than Common Turkic.
Metal working consists not only of melting (which requires heating), but also casting and also
beating/hammering. Even today throughout in a vast region from Turkey to India brass and copper utensils
are cast and beaten into shape by countless artisans. There are many words in Turkic languages in which
these concepts can be easily shown to be related to heat, fire, and beating, fire-worship, and branding, thus
with metals. The word for worship, tabın(tapın in Turkish) is in reflexive form, and is quite naturally
derived in the region in which fire was worshipped because of the natural gases and oils in the region. The
Transcaucasus (also known as the southern Caucasus) is the home of the original fire-worshippers
(Magians).
Other words such as tamada, a very common word among Caucasians, may be related if tam referred to
hearth/fire. According to Miziev tamada (tamata?) may be father/master of the hearth/home. Unfortunately
he related the word tam to home, not hearth. Perhaps it does not matter much because at one time they were
used as synonyms. Indeed the word for hearth in Karachay-Balkar is tıbır. Yet another word shows that
beating/hammering is definitely related to the root tab, i.e tabla
rĝa
(to sharpen a scythe by hammering it). It
can also be used in two different forms e.g. tablab and tabıb, therefore the verbal root is both tab and tabla.
At the same time, the word for scar is likely related to burning mark and thus likely related to tamĝa
(brand) which was (and is) done by burning the flesh of the animal with a hot iron. Some of these words are
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also related to iron-making, iron-smelting etc such as temir (iron), tıbır (hearth), Turkish tav (proper
heat), kav (tinder).
The Etruscans had their iron mines on the River Tiber, and it is quite likely that the Etruscans took this
word tibira (Sumerian) to Italy from Anatolia or Middle East. It is thought by some historians that Troy is a
rendering of the name of Etruscans, which was Tursi or Tusci. Etruscans called themselves Rasenna or
Rashna. Since Hittite did not have an initial r sound (likely due to the substratum) it is possible that the
country known as Arzawa was really Razawa in which we can see the name Rase-/Rash-. The Aşina/Asena
was the clan (tribe?) that provided the Türküt/Türks with royalty.
This word shows up also as tabĝaç (also toba, *tobar/topar?), and since Turks show up in early history
as a tribe specializing in iron-working, it is quite likely related. The Turkic tribal names such as Toba,
Tabgaç/Tavgaç, [t]Apar might refer to the same people. As shown on Hittite-Turkish parallels here, the
word for sky in Sumerian AN seems to have a more archaic version, taŋ, in Turkic. Therefore the word Apar
could have a more archaic version Tapar in Turkic. Thus the Toba might be left from this word. Further
adding fuel to this is the Turkish ikileme (doublet) apar topar[HatV81:89]. The Karachay-Balkar ikileme
qaĝın soĝun is quite obviously the doublet for kagan shogun. The tribal names such as Apar, Apardı,
Aparytae, and place names such as Epirus, Abaris (Avaris), and other peoples in the mideast Habiru, Apiru,
etc might refer to the same thing. Very recently, maces bearing remarkable resemblances to Egyptian maces
have been found in China. They apparently date from around 5,500 years ago, which is about 3,500 earlier
than the first presumed contact of China with the Mideast [China Daily, 08/13/2001].
There is a tribe named Apardı basically in the same region as where Herodotus put a people named
Aparytae (in the Persian satrapy ......). The –ae is obviously the plural marker but judging from the names of
other peoples named by Herodotus (and in words like Türküt, and Tarxat) the –yt in Aparytae also seems to
be a plural marker.There could have been iron-workers or those that specialized in iron-working who might
have spread throughout the known part of the world for centuries. Although this could be yet another
version of the “Lost Tribes”, the ideas should be very carefully entertained.
What is very strange is that the word for ‘rabbit/hare’ is similar to these words in Turkic also. Today the
word is tavşan (in Turkish) but it shows up earlier as tabışgan and tavışgan. Further, there is a strange
story about Scythians, who facing a battle against the Persian king, dropped their gear and ran after a rabbit
(as told by Herodotus) being repeated by Balkars as seen by a Russian functionary (as told by Miziev). The
connection between rabbits and iron may be explicable quite easily. Before the modern age, even simple
skills were kept secret and passed from father to son, for example, in the medieval guilds. Thus a way of
finding iron deposits would have had to be a great secret no matter how accidentally it was discovered.
There would have to be a way to find the iron ore veins. First of all there are several different iron ores with
different colors. The color of an iron ore body depends on the minerals present. Iron ore deposits can vary
from surface pits to multiple thousands of feet down, and they also are found in igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic gangue rock.What is more important than the color of the handpiece is the streak color of the
mineral. A good number of non-ferrous minerals have colors as iron ores so color alone is not conclusive.
Moreover mineral veins usually are changed by oxidation for some distance under the surface. Now, a rust-
colored iron oxide-stain caused by oxidation can indicate a near surface iron deposit or another metal
deposit with iron sulfide in it. Iron ore may be black (gray, gray-blue, gray-sparkly, metallic gray), red and
white banded, purple, green, or shades of red-orange-brown (yellow, ochre, red, rusty). It may also be a
Banded Iron Formation (BIFS). Upwards of 92% of the Earth's iron ore is derived from five separate
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deposits of BIFs. In BIFs iron ores are laminated between layers of sediments. Many different colors may
be present in different layers.Much iron ore was found at the surface but a body can extend to 1,000 feet or
more below surface. Today we know much more about iron. Yellow, brown and red ochre (hydrous and
anhydrous iron oxides) are surface deposits, and (are/were) used for paints and pigments. Probably the most
easily worked deposits of high grade iron ore are hematite. Hematite comes in gray, blue, red, and
"specular" or sparkly-- but when you pound it to powder it is always red. It is found in chunks in surface
deposits and filled sinks, and is the ore most often used in early American frontier blast furnaces. Magnetite
is usually black to purple-- it is rarely found on the surface--most often at depth-- and it is generally harder
to process, even though it has a higher iron content than hematite. As the name implies, it is also magnetic--
usually found in association with hematite, but not always e.g. "lodestone". "Green" iron minerals were
deposited in reducing conditions, usually ocean bottom related. A little iron is what makes bottle glass
green.
People looking for iron deposits could not have gone around digging anywhere and everywhere,
especially with expensive and rare tools. Assuming that there were already some iron tools (made form
meteoric iron) such as shovels and picks, it would have been stupidly back-breaking work to just dig
anywhere at all. There had to be some way that they could at least hope to find something in any area they
decided to dig up. The easiest such way would be to find a burrowing animal, catch it, examine its fur, let it
go, and then follow it to its burrow. An expert (Elteber, Tabar[na]) could tell by examining a burrowing
animal’s fur (such as a hare’s fur) whether or not there were (could be?) iron deposits in or near the hole of
the hare. Even if he was not correct 100% of the time, if they got it right 50% or even 2% of the time, it
would be much better than not having it at all. Since all such secrets were probably akin to the magics of
witch-doctors, such experts (ancient geophysicists or geologists) would/could have taken positions at the top
of the hierarchy, being the ‘high-tech’ masters of the age, especially in a tribe devoted to or expert in iron-
mining. This could have led to the dual-kingship type system of the early Turkic tribes. It would also easily
explain the meaning of the word tapar since tab
arĝa
means ‘to find, to give birth’, and tamır (vein, artery,
root).
What is really at stake for a linguist here is how tabarna↔labarna. We have sound changes of the type
t→s. And we have equivalences of the type l↔ş (s?). But it is usually assumed that l→ş. Hence we have to
assume something like t→s→l which is unusual. It has been shown that the Turkic words töz, çıda, and ser
with the same meaning imply that the root was tVđ, thus đ→r, đ→z, and đ→d; thus no rhotacization and no
zetacization. Perhaps there was another related sound in the protolanguage, say ŧ which performed the same
function for {t,l,s/ş,w} as đ for {d,r,z,y}. It is possible that the word was originally something like *ŧa
P
ađ.
Then the changes ŧ→t and ŧ→l would allow the creation of tabarna and labarna. Of course the original
could have been *ta
P
ađ and could have changed to *ŧa
P
ađ in the native language before being loaned to
another as l, or some other such combination. And here we see the roots of the word scattered about in
archaic form in Turkic languages as usual.
Chuvash tup to find [Krueger61:236];
tabalamaqlıq karach. abstr. to tabala
rĝa
gloating, spite, malice; insidious
tabala
rĝa
karach. gloat over the misfortunes of others, to be pleased with another's
trouble, speak maliciously; tabalaĝan külkü mischievous laughter; tabalab kül
ürge
angrily to laugh
tabalawçu mischievous, spiteful, malignant
tabaldırıq, tabıldırıq (-ĝı) small strap; thong; wristlet, tape (leather)
taban II spec. striker, nipple
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tab
arĝa
1) to find; to find out; 3) give birth (to), bear; 4) to lay eggs; 5) math.
to deduce, to prove;
This third meaning of the word tab
arĝa
(to give birth) is also likely related to the first meaning (to find)
since giving birth is like finding something that was not there originally. It seems to be related to a set of
words having to do with life, birth, which begin with ti-/ta-/tu-. Many names of domesticated animals seem
to begin with te-/ta-/to- so that animal husbandry seems to be implicated also [See
]. Thus the
meaning of ‘creator’ (Lord) might have possibly been connected with tabar. Because of the sound changes
p→b→w the common word for being born (e.g. doğ
mak
/tuw
arĝa
), is likely directly connected to that of tap-
/tup-.
Chuvash śural to be born, sural to bear, give birth to [Krueger61:232];
Chuvash tuχ to go out, come out, to rise (of the sun) [Krueger61:236];
tuw
arĝa
1) to be born; 2) to arise, to occur culduzla iŋŋirde tuwadıla
stars occur
in the evening; 3) to rise (about heavenly bodies)
However the Chuvash word śural might be actually related to carat
ırĝa
(to create). It seems that
Chuvash has already gone through the change t→ś in some words, for example Chuvash šăn to freeze
[Krueger61:233], which is normally toŋ/don. But the verbs carat-/yarat then imply the protoform to be
*darat, and even further back as *tarat, which brings it remarkably close to the other words related to being
born, sunrise, dawn, sky, etc. such as (*ŧaŧ-/ *ŧađ-→) taŋ, teŋŋer, teŋiz, (*ŧeđeđ→) teren, etc. This word
could have been formed like (*qađađ→ *qađaŋ→) qaraŋŋı e.g. *ŧeđeđ→*ŧeđeŋ→teren [See ].
The words for birth etc. might also be related to ti-/ta-/to-/tu- for birth; tuw (to be born), doğ (to be
born, Turkish), tuwduq (descendant, offspring, scion), tuwĝan (native), torun (grandchildren, Turkish),
tuqum (clan), tohum (seed, Turkish, said to be from Iranian), but even more tolu (←*toluk, might have
originally meant pregnant instead of full), thus the word for filling could be from (pregnancy) which itself
is likely related to life (ti). Other words which are obviously related are töl/döl (offspring), tölü/dölü etc.
The Dulo dynasty of Bulgars could get its name from these words. There are similar formations with other
words; for example Turkish soy (as in soylu) is likely cognate with Karachay-Balkar sıy (honor). At the
same time with the t→s shift the word solu (to breathe) itself might come from ‘filling the lungs’. Other
words connected with this paradigm, of course, are tane (seed, Turkish), and maybe tana (calf), tay (colt),
tawuq (hen), tüye (camel), tavşan (hare, Turkish), toŋŋuz (pig), tosun (young bull, Turkish), tuwar
(cattle), and teke (billy goat) probably point to the earliest days of animal husbandry and domestication of
animals.
The word tab
arĝa
(in Karachay-Balkar) meaning ‘to find’ also means ‘to give birth’ perhaps reflecting
the actual original meaning of the word in having something out of nothing. It is likely the root for tübe (to
meet). The word tanı (to know in the Biblical sense, again metaphorically or in slang, for knowing
intimately or knowing sexually) is likely related to the same paradigm of birth, sex, and life. The word’s
meaning is confirmed by the existence of tansıq. This could be reflected again in the phonetic closeness of
this set of words not only to ti (life) but also to words having to do with sex (such as teş, teşik, taşak, töşek
tişi(k), etc) and perhaps related taboo words such as taşa, taşra, caşır (to hide), asıra (to hide). Karachay-
Balkar taşla
rĝa
can’t be related to stones or rocks but again to the same birth paradigm. Is tök ← *tölük
and related to giving birth, perhaps the bursting of the water bag?
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There are further connections between fire, iron-working, iron-utensils, etc. At this point we can
compare some other iron-words.
Hittite (ħ)apalki iron [Puhvel-3-91:116];
Cf. KUB XXIX 8 IV 13 (Hurr) ħa-pal-ki, ibid. 20 a-pal-ki. The akkadogram HAPALKINI is also Hurroid, as is
hapalkinnu in Mitanni-Akkadian from Amarna (cf. ħapalginnu in Neo-Babylonian sources; [Puhvel-3-91:117]; ħapalki
as a metal word seems centered in Anatolia (first attested in Hattic) chiming with the early intimations of the Iron Age in
the region. [Puhvel-3-91:117];
More remote cognates (or borrowed reflexes) may be present metathetically in Gk χάλυος, χάλυβος ‘steel’ and
its eponymous steelworkers of the Pontus region, ..., and possibly in the ‘internally compressed’ Gk. χάλκος, Cretan
καυχός ‘metal’, especially copper or bronze. [Puhvel-3-91:118];
Greek χάλυβος/χάλκος is/are cognates of Turkish çelik, Karachay-Balkar çalqı (scythe) both from the
verb çal
ırĝa
(to mow), Chuvash śul (to mow [Krueger61:232]), and Sumerian zil, zé[ZÍ] (to cut; to
shear, cut hair; to pluck (Emesal dialect for dùg, cf., zil; zé-er
)).
87. anagmaħħu (a drinking vessel) jB lex.; ←Sum.
anaqqu (anakku) (a drinking vessel) jB lex.; ←Sum
*kanak > çanak, çelek, kana kana iç, etc
çelek ( - gi) bucket; aĝaç ;ayran a bucket for ayran;
Chuvash śělěk hat, cap[Krueger61:231]; çanaç: 'a leather bottle' [Clauson72:425]
çanak 'a hollow conical object' 'a wooden bowl' 'an earthenware bowl'[Clauson72:425]
çöŋek; çaŋal and terŋek 'a leather milking pail'[Clauson72:426]
The word may be related to çaykala
rĝa
, Turkish çalkala. Chechen chiilek, bucket.
qana
rĝa
I to bleed;
qana
rĝa
II 1) to slake, to be satisfied; to be sated; susabım qandı my thirst is quenched;
It is likely that this meaning is due to nomads drinking the blood of their animals during harsh times,
especially if it happened before the horse was domesticated. The Tuaregs are herders in modern times that
are known live off the blood of their cattle, and they are not horse nomads in the same way Turkic nomads
were. Living off the blood of the animals was probably one of the most important techniques used by
humans spreading into Europe, and the steppes from the Mideast Regions. Since the animals could live off
the grass, whenever the hunter-gatherers needed nourishment which they could not obtain via hunting or
fishing, they could always get it from the blood of their domesticated animals. The only thing they needed to
do was stay near rivers for animals also need water. Therefore it is highly likely that these early intruders
into the steppes were river-people. It would not be unreasonable to look for river/water in their self-
designation.
88. anāħu(m) ♣ “to be(come) tired” G (a/a) stat. “becomes tired”, “makes an effort, strives”; of buildings etc.
“become dilapidated” Gtn iter. of G jB med., of limbs, person D OA “tire (s.o), oppress” Š Bab. “trouble, exert, strain”
s.o.; stat. “is very wearied” Št “make an effort” , “weary o.s., be depressed”; astr. “endure” N OB “become tired”,
“struggle, suffer, hard-ship, be exhausted”; → anħu; anīħu; anħūtu; inħu ♣; mānaħu; mānaħtu; šūnuħu, šūnuħiš;
tānēħu, tānēħtu; tānuħiš
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unuĝ
urĝa
1) to be in the suppressed condition, to be in sincere depression; unuĝub başla
rĝa
to lose
vivacity of spirit, grow gloomy; unuĝub qal
ırĝa
grow gloomy, isolate oneself;
unuĝuw gerund unuĝ
urĝa
unuqdurmaqlıq abstr. to unuqdur
urĝa
oppression
unuqĝan 1) particip. from unuĝ
urĝa
; 2) one in despair; suppressed; oppressed
89. anāku, NA also annuku, NB also anaka “ī; me” [Bogh. GA.E] as pred. Freq. ānākuma; OB ša anāku “as for me”;
NB also acc. (to stress a pron. stuff.), dat.; → ana ♥; anuki ; analānuššu → ana ♣ 13
epe>eke (PIE)
Chuvash::epe( I [Krueger61:219]
Chuvash::epire we [Krueger61:219]
Chuvash::ese( you [Krueger61:219]
Chuvash::esir you plural [Krueger61:219]
Candidate Turkic pronoun protowords
1
st
p. sg. *epen > Chuvash epe; Common Turkic ben/men
2
nd
p. sg *eŧen > Chuvash ese; Common Turkic sen
1
st
p. pl. *epir > Common Turkic biz; Chuvash epire
2
nd
p.pl. *esir > Common Turkic siz
It is pretty clear that -Vr was a collective suffix. The sound changes that separate Common Turkic and
Bolgaric Turkic are lr vs şz and one can see that here. Furthermore, and it is easy to see epe>eke. And more
from Akkadian:
90. anāku NA also annuku, NB also anaka "I, me". [Bogh GA.E] ... dat. ana II; anuki.
ana I "to, for"
ana II "I" OB (lit) by-form of ana:ku.
It looks like a compound word ana-ku or an-aku, or *panaku. "ana" is likely a demonstrative (vide supra),
and so is "ku". And the Boghazkoy (Boğazköy) version looks like it could be AGA.E e.g. eke/ego etc.
91. andaš “king” jB lex.; ← Kass.; āndāšu → andaħšu
This one is truly difficult. One is reminded of Kassite kind names such as Khara Khandash. And one is
reminded that it is possible that khandash and khan might be related.
92. anduħallatu, antuħallatu, im/nd/tuħallatu “(a kind of ) lizard” M/jB [KUN.DAR.GURUN.NA; EME.ŠI D.ZI.DA;
NIR.GAL.BUR]
keselekke karach. zool. lizard
Turkish kertenkele lizard
Common Turkic for lizard is apparently kele. It is not clear what the first part of the name indicates but
similar morphology seems to bedevil the Akkadian version. The name is apparently a reduplicated word
having to do with ‘breaking, cutting’ (e.g. the tail coming off).
93. angallu “wise” m/jB
aŋŋılı karach. 1) quick-witted, sharp; clever; 2) conscious, reasonable; 3) judicious; wise;
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aŋ 1) consciousness; 2) reason., mind., reason, ı bolĝan quick-witted, sharp, judicious, reasonable;
aqılı barnı ~ ı bar at whom is mind(wit), that has also reason
Chuvash tăn consciousness [Krueger61:234]; Chuvash ăn reason, understanding, memory [Krueger61:216];
aŋŋı karach. 1) consciousness; 2) outlook; 3) understanding, reason, mind; sı bolĝan reasonable,
judicious; sı cetmeydi he/she does not understand 4) point of view; meni ma köre from my point of
view
aŋŋılaĝan 1) partic. from aŋŋıla
rĝa
; 2) expert, versed (in) knowing; understanding in what; 3) quick-
witted, clever, explanatory(sensible); qıynalıb one who understands slowly; ceŋŋil easily acquiring,
quick witted; 4) conscious; işçile conscious workers
aŋŋılam intelligence; concept; -ı bolmaĝan confused
aŋŋıla
rĝa
1) to understand, to realize, comprehend, to learn; to think; tolu to understand the essence;
bolluq or qoldan kellik conceivable; 2) to feel, to sense; iyis aŋŋılamayma I do not sense a smell.
This word is a perfect match (like agum, and adu) since even the morphology matches e.g. aŋŋılı means
“possessing aŋŋı”. It is impossible for this to happen by accident. As usual Turkish has deviated greatly
since it has anla instead of aŋŋıla.
94. angubbû(m) ‘standing in the sky’ O/jB [AN.GUB.BA] 1. “tutelary deity” 2. Astr. (desig. of certain stars) 3. (a
class of priests); also as desig. of deities; ←Sum.
Compound word consisting of taŋ and qob.
taŋ I) dawn, daybreak; aĝaradı it is dawning; nı burnu qaraĝanlay before dawn, at the crack of
dawn; ala (sı) dawn; ata (or alasında) at dawn; atmay or qaraldısı bla very early (in the morning);
atxanlay as soon as dawn comes; aşxı bolsun! good morning!; ŋa deri till morning; saw ŋa çıĝıĝız!
good night!
This word is possibly related to teyri (whose earlier Turkic form was teŋri [tanrı in Turkish]), and a lr
version of it, tenger, and likely related to taŋ, and referred to wide expanses such as the blue sky and the
blue sea. It is claimed (what else is new) to be from Chinese tien (heaven).
qob
arĝa
1) to rise; ornuŋdan qob! rise from your place!; örge qobmazlıq bol
urĝa
to reach exhaustion so
as not be able to rise; qarşçı t; 2) exfoliate, flake, to peel, to come unstuck, to lag behind;
qollarımı terisi qobub baradı the skin on my hands is peeling; 3) karach. to flood (about the river); suw
qobxandı the river has flooded; 4) karach. figurative to become angry; atası qobsa... if his father gets
angry.
qobar
ırĝa
1) liter., figurative to lift someone, to wake up someone; 2) to unstick, to break away,
pinch/nip off; pick out, pluck out; taşnı peşikni çüyün to break a hook from a door
95. anħu(m) “tired” O/jB of people, animals; M/NB of buildings “dilapidated”; ←anāħu ♣;→ anħūtu; anħllīme →
imħur-līmi; anħullu → imħullu
arı
rĝa
1) to get tired, to be tired; arıb-tozub, arıb-cunçub, arıb-talıb having got exhausted, having
exhausted; having reached up to exhaustion 2) figurative. grow/become poor to be ruined 3) to be exhausted
(about ground)
örğen ' to rest' [Clauson72:227]
96. anīna 1. “now” NA, NB also anīn 2. “earlier” Nuzi, Bogh. 3. “where?” Nuzi 4. Mng uncl. Am.
anni ♣ “now” OAkk, OA; ← annû ♣
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endi 1. 1) now, nowadays, now, now; 2. present, present, modern
Turkish imdi, şimdi, now; aŋarū/iŋarū/inaru: ' up to that (time or place)' [Clauson72:190]
Chuvash payan today, now [Krueger61:226];
These words provide evidence that there was a root for ‘time/moment’ which had the form en/an.
endide karach. 1) in present time, nowadays
endiden: sora (or arı) further, in the future; from now on
endigi 1) contemporary , modern, present, present-day, up-to-date ; adam the modern man
endigili modern, new;
endigilik ( - gi) modernity(present); novelty
endilede recently;
97. annaku(m) “tin; lead” [AN.NA\; Ma a.paşiu ‘white lead’, i.e. “tin”, a.abāru “lead”
awur 1) heavy; bek wearisome; iş difficult work; cumuş burdensome assignment/errand; 3)
sluggish, lazy; ögüz lazy bullock; 4) unpleasant; hawa stuffy air 5) menacing, serious, dangerous;
cara dangerous wound; caralı seriously/badly wounded; söz insulting words ; saĝış gloomy ideas;
asxa
rĝa
to limp strongly;
Sumerian gamar ’wuchtig sein’ (D.41) Turkic ’aĝır’ [heavy] (DLT, I, 52) [Tuna90: ]
Chuvash yıvăr heavy, difficult [Krueger61:241]
98. annu(m) “(word of) consent, assent, approval” Bab. of omen, a. kīnu “authentic consent”, a. apālu “to say yes”;
← anna; annu → also ānu ♣; arnu
una
rĝa
to agree; una 'to be pleased, satisfied, to agree' [Clauson72:171]
unamazĝa to not agree with; to refuse; to not permit; tilegenin to refuse to agree to the request;
unaw gerund una
rĝa
agreement, consent, approval
99. ānunnakkū, occas. ānukkū, ēnunnakkū “(the) gods” [
d
A.NUN.NA(.Kē
4
Nē)]1. OB, M/jB the gods as a whole 2.
M/NB the gods of the earth and netherworld; ←Sum.
ānūtu “position of ān; divinity” j/NB [
d
60-;
d
AN-]; ←ānu ♣
ānu(m) ♣ OB usu. ānnum “ān(um)” (the god of heaven) OAkk, Bab. [AN; NB
d
60]; of Ištar anātima “you are
supreme deity”; ← Sum.; →ānūtu
antušû ‘sitting in the sky; (a constellation) jB [MUL.)AN.TUŠ .A.MEŠ (always pl.)]; ← Sum.
This is a compound word. For ta taŋ =an see above, thus taŋtüşüw.
tüşüw action name to tüş
erge
;
tüş
erge
1) in diff: senses to fall; iş seni boynuŋa tüşedi a) this work falls on you; esge to recall, to fall
into the mind, to pop into memory; 2) to descend (for ex. from the bus); to climb down; to be lowered;
atdan dismount from horse; 3) to land, to sit, to arrive, etc; suwuq/qış tüşgünçü before cold/winter
arrives; qabxaŋŋa to fall into a trap; ayıbxa to deserve reproach; to be guilty; töşekge fall ill;
100. anu ♠ ( a syn. for wood or tree) jB lex.
(terek) taru>tanu
101. apara(k)ku mng. unkn. NA lex. in şubāt a. “a. garment”
apāru(m), occas. ēpēru “to cover the head” Bab., M/NA G (e/e, OB (a/u) “put” crown, helmet etc. “on the head of”
s.o. (=acc.), stat. “wears”; transf. of moon, star, king “be decked with” halo, radiance etc.; OB stat. of sheep’s tongue “be
covered, capped” ext. Gtn iter. of G. MA “constantly crown” king Gt stat. “is decked with” D “put headgear (=acc.) on
head of’ s.o. (=acc.) N “be crowned, covered”;
apru(m) in aprūssa “with head covered” OB of woman; ←apāru; apru → also abru ♥
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aû ♣ abû “veiled” Bab. of eyes; ←apû ♦
apû ♥ abû “to become veiled, cloudy” jB med. G of eyes; → apû ♣; ipītu?; upû ♣
“To cover” in Turkish is kapa, whereas in other Turkic languages these words are cap/cab and jab. It is
not clear how these happened. However the root does show up in other words;
qab II 1) cover, case; aĝaç wqol glove 2) cover (body of animals, plants etc.); cılan
snake scales; qurt cocoon; taş maqanı ~ ı shell of turtle; awuşdur
urĝa
to moult (about the snakes) 3)
image, mask, guise; başxa xa kirirge a) to change; 4) figurative frameworks., limit; dan çıqma do
not go too far ; birewnü ına cıy
arĝa
bridle, curb; restrain or to put someone in his place; bir xa
sıyınmaĝan undisciplined
See qabır, küp, kübür, qaplaq. See elsewhere for verbs based on qab-.
qabuq (-ĝu) 1) bark, rind; aĝaç wsürme shavings; toz elm; un al
ırĝa
a) swindle
(cortex etc ); to tear off a skin; b) figurative to beat, to scold 2) rind, peel, skin, shell, shell, peel;
102. apellu mng. unkn. Nuzi; desig. of arrows; ←Hurr.; apiātum, apiētum → apâtu; apiktu → abiktu
apaišalû (a cripple)? JB; ←PIN āpišal; → apislat
Apollo, apış, Apsara, Apsatı, *apsa>aksa, Apis Bull
Apollo was the God of Hunting. Apsara in Abkhazian means “hunter”. “ab/ap” has to do with hunting
e.g. abla (Mongolian, to hunt, from Turkic avla). See long discussion on Nostratica by Hubey 2003 (also
vide infra).
Hittite appat(a)riya ‘seize (as pawn to compel payment of debt), take in pledge, distrain; make seizure, levy
distress, exercise restraint’ [Puhvel-1-91:98];
av, hunting [Decsy98:39]; aq net [Decsy98:39];
Turkish avla to hunt;
aw 1 1) web 2) net; çabaq aw
fish net; temir aw iron grid; aw sal
ırĝa
(or at
arĝa
) to
use a net for hunting/fishing; 3) figurative trap, awĝa tüş
erge
to fall into a trap ;
Apsatı 1) pagan goddess of the hunt, patron of hunters); uwçu ĝa calınçaq the
hunter is a supplicant of apsaty; 2) name of an ancient hunting song sung by hunters
whe going on a
n
hunt
uw II hunt; uwĝa barıw ( or çıĝıw) to go on a hunt;
uw poison; 2. poisonous; uw cılan poisonous snake; uw tiş fang
qan
arĝa
to slake, to be satisfied; to be sated; susabım qandı my thirst is quenched;
qab
arĝa
1) to bite, peck; 2) karach. to win; 3) to spend; 4) to lose; 5) to eat;
cer qabarıq! damnation may he bite the dust; 6) to fit, (about clothes);
Turkish avla is a l.w. in Mongolian as abla; In Karachay-Balkar the change b→w has taken place. But
there is evidence that it was originally p i.e. *apsak → aksak (lame). Although the word for hunting in
Turkish is avla, and in Karachay-Balkar it is uw, the original meanings (and pronounciations) can be found
in about a dozen words in Karachay-Balkar, for example, awur, awruw, awuş, possibly *apsak →
aksak/asxaq, and the set of words uw (hunting, poison), aw (fishing net, poison). These three forms of
hunting must have been known to all humans at one time. The caves in the Sahara show people catching fish
with nets. Poison arrows are used by the Bushmen (San) of Africa as well as the native Americans of the
Amazon. The smoking gun, of course, is the Karachay-Balkar goddess Apsatı (pagan goddess of hunting,
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patron goddess of hunters).
Since the original form had a p/b i.e ab/ap, having to do with falling, hunting, etc (abın, aban, abzıra,
abcır, etc) and others derived from it such as awna, awuş, etc, apış would seem to refer to the rear legs of
an animal or the region between the rear legs with an analogy to Turkish karış (from the word for arm).
This should be compared to the word apış (Turkish). Apış refers to the region between the legs and
Karachay-Balkar for that region is aw. That word is used in the same sense as Arabic awrad (Turkish
avrat, woman, or avret yeri, pubic area). There might have been a time period in which catching animals
was done with something like a bola; several stones tied together with a rope which was used to throw at the
rear legs of an animal to cause it to trip. The reason for the ‘falling/felling’ of the animal in the earliest times
was likely due to setting up traps in which the animal was dropped into a pit with a false cover. That also
shows up in the Mideast in Hittite and Akkadian in the form resembling ‘api’ meaning ‘hole, pit’. Thus the
phrase ‘Apis Bull’ in Sumerian is a big mystery, unless it can be related somehow to the bull worship in the
Mideast or to some kind of fertility god.
qab
arĝa
to bite, peck; Turkish kap to seize, to grap, to snatch
qapxan 1) trap 2) figurative trap, pitfall; ŋa tüş
erge
to fall in a trap
qarı obsolete cubit, ell (ancient measure of length equal approximately 0.5 m);
qarıw force, power, might; strength; qarış obsolete karış (ancient measure of length
equal to distance between outstretched thumb and little finger);
Semantic changes and phonetic changes that derive from an early *ap/ab root aw/au (to fall over, keel
over), awuş (to die), awruw (pain, sickness (i.e. Turkish ağrı)), arı (to tire out (via extension from
awruw)); awur (heavy (i.e. Turkish ağır)) again via analogy from the fact that the people hefting around
heavy things all day would get ağrı. The next is not so clear but it is likely from the same root; aqırın or
aqırtın meaning “slowly”. Obviously, if you lug heavy things you go slowly. This can be compared to Kyr
aqırın (slowly). The strange thing is that awuş corresponds to Sumerian uş (which means ‘to die’) and
which is one of the regular sound changes between Sumerian and Turkic that has been found and which in
Turkic is öl [TunO90]. The strange thing is that both versions (awuş, öl) now exist in Karachay-Balkar
language. The latter root apparently applied only to death of plants from lack of water [Clauson].
We have corroborating evidence from Tatar in the form of avır (difficult, heavy); avırtu (pain), and
avıru (illness). In Chuvash yiwer (heavy) and Yakut yaraxan are cognates [GroV79:83]. Chuvash iwër
means ‘to grow tired’ [GroV79:120] and is cognate with Karachay-Balkar arı (to be tired). Turkish argın-
yorgun doublet/ikileme attests to this meaning. There is evidence that this word has its root in ab (to go off
the vertical and lose footing) since it shows up as abın and aban (to lean, Turkish). It shows up as abla
(Mongolian, to hunt, likely a borrowing). This meaning of losing footing seems to be the purest way to say
“to hunt” since the main aim of hunting is to force the animal to lose footing so the word goes back the ages
before using bows and arrows or even spears. There are other words with ab/ap showing the development of
the concept over time: abınçaq, abına-sürüne, and figuratively abızırarĝa, apçımaqlıq, apçırĝa; apçiw,
apçıtırĝa, aqırın, aqırınlarĝa, aqırınlatım, aqırınla, aqırtın, awarĝa, awnarĝa
Related to aksırak [Clauson72:95], ağna [Clauson72:87] cognate with Karachay-Balkar awna. It
seems that knocking living things down presumably by striking them in a spot more vital then the Achilles
heel, has produced other related meanings since we have Turkish apış arası (the region between the legs),
it seems that Turkish avrad/avrat (woman, wife) is again linked to this region likely via slang. Now the
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word avret (privy parts, anything that is kept concealed from public view, woman, wife) is said to be from
Arabic (Red:98).
But there is also another method of hunting, that of trapping an animal in a pit.
103. apkīsu “furrow” jB; ←Sum.
ap-kazıw
ap = hole/pit (e.g. Hittite, Akkadian api/apu. See below. Earliest form of hunting.).
104. aptu(m); pl. apātu “window, window opening” Ass., O/jB [AB] in house, NB in sluice; OB ina pī a. nadānum,
madādum “to pay in the house of the recipient”; DN
d
Kilili ša apāti, abāti; “niche of dovecot”?; a. uzni “ear-hole” O/jB;
←Sum.;→ apāniš
apu ♥ “hole, opening” in the ground NA rid.
This is connected to hunting via probably an extremely early hunting, e.g. dropping animals into a pit.
Hittite api necromantic sacrificial pit for summoning up infernal deities or revenants, sometimes personified as
D
Āpi [Puhvel-1-91:99] ; Hitt. api is from Hurrian, cf. e.g. āpita in Hurr. context (...) or āpiri (...) or
D
Apinita (...), further
the variant
D
Āwa (...). In Hittite, besides ħatteššar (q.v. above and s.v.) such chtonian cavities are also referred to by
TÚL ‘waterhole, well’ (XV 34 III 25 7 TÚL.MEŠ iyanzi n-at uitenit šunnanzi ‘they make seven wells and fill them with
water’; ibid. 36 the gods are ‘drawn’ out of those wells), AŠRU ‘place’ (XII 44 III 15 9 AŠRA peda[ħħi] ‘I dig nine spots’;
..., or BURÙ ‘hole’ (...). [Puhvel-1-91:100]
A similar role of sacrificial pit was played by apu or abu ‘hole’, ēnu ‘spring, waterhole’ and naqbū (IDÌM) ‘spring,
fountain’ in Assyrian rituals. In Ugaritic there is the problematic ’el, ’eb ‘deity of the pit’ (poššibly referring to spirits of the
dead and tying in with the “vents” of Ras Shamra tombs), and Hebrew has ’ôb ‘ghost, revenant’ (...). In the Sumerian
Gilgameš (=Akk. Tabl XII, 83-84) Nergal dug a hole (ab-làl-kur-ri) in the earth and (Akk.) raised Enkidu’s spirit like a
wind-puff from the earth. [Puhvel-1-91:101]
The common semantic denominator ‘(daimon of the) pit’ might thus fit Hitt.-Hurr. (a)a-pi, Assyr. abu, Ugar. ‛eb,
Hebr, ‛ôb, and Sum ab(.làl). Vieyra (...) and Rabin awarded primacy to Sumerian ab and assumed Hurrian mediation
for the rest. Hoffner ... preferred to Hitt.-Hurr. /ābi/ a “normalization” *ay(a)bi, postulationg Ugar. ‛ēl< *‛ayb(i), Assyr.
abu < *ayabum, and Hebr. ‛ôb from (dialectical) Hurrian, with the ultimate origin obscure (“old substratum word”, also
in Sumerian ab); but the inconsistency of the spelling ... make Hoffner’s reconstruction less probable. [Puhvel-1-
91:101];
See the beginning for the sections on hunting. It seems that literally dropping the animal into a hole/pit
could have been the earliest/original method of hunting. This connects all the words together, including
digging holes (below), making houses/homes by digging (as evidenced by early Slav houses in Europe),
hunting, the Goddess of Hunting Apsatı, the words for exorcist, sorcerer Almastı, etc.
ōy 'hole, cavity' and 'valley' Clauson72:264]; Turkish oy to carve a hole, pit
oy
arĝa
to tear down;
As farfetched as it may sound, tapar → apar might be connected via tunneling, mining. The
connection with hunting would be explicable via *tap/b→ ap/b. At the same time we can provide an
excellent example of the complexity of the problems of sound change of Turkic (and IE and AA) from
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Güterbock &Hoffner. Now that we have opened up a can of worms, we can continue. The words ap/ab/api
are related to yet other words in Turkic (and Hittite). For example the word for mouth in Turkic awuz/ağız
and Hittite ais, come from the root related to ap/ab/api. So the word may have originally only meant ‘hole’
but got transferred to ‘hunting’, or the word really did refer originally to ‘hunting’ e.g. ‘seizing, catching’
and one of the earliest ways was to dig a pit/hole, cover it, and trick the animal into falling into it. In this
case, the word for catching animals in this fashion eventually came to digging a hole, and then finally to
mean the ‘hole’ itself. First the [alleged] Hittite word.
Hittite a(y)iš(š), išš- ‘mouth’ [Puhvel-1--1-91:15];
Luw. aš(ša) ‘mouth’ [Puhvel-1-91:17];
Chuvash śăvar mouth [Krueger61:231]; Turkish ağız, mouth;
awuz 1) mouth; aperture, opening; language, speech; figuratively in different senses: channel; flood-lands of the
river; gorge; valley; edge; tune, melody; amanawuz a gorge in the Caucasus; özen gorge; bıçaqnı u blade of a
knife; aç
arĝa
to have a bite; qara quarrel
We should also put into this mix the Latin word for mouth, ōs, and Slavic ust. Can these words be
etymologized in these languages or are they taken as primitives? If we accept that the Etruscans went to
Italy from Anatolia, then the word for mouth Latin is from Etruscan and has a cognate in Hittite which is
also not IE. This links the word to Anatolia and not to the steppes of Central Asia. Let us first look for
‘mouth’ in other languages.
The roots of the word from which this word comes are firmly Turkic and other words related to it can be
found in Turkic. The doublet abur-cubur [HatV81:59], Karachay-Balkar cuban (to snack on food and thus
while away time) related to yuban/yuwan/avun, Karachay-Balkar cuk (to infect), yuk [to infect,
Clauson72:897] Chuvash çuppa (kiss), all therefore point to ‘mouth’. Then likely *kabur→*xabur→
abur→ *abuz→ awuz. The word obur (Turkish, glutton) also points in the same direction. We should note
that kap means ‘to bite’ and was related to ‘closing’ since it shows up in Turkish kapı (door), and köpek
(the biter?, i.e. dog). It is strange that other words relating ‘mouth’ to ‘talking’ (even if only as in English
‘gab’) cannot be found in Turkic with the possible exception of Turkish konuş and Karachay-Balkar (and
other) keŋŋeş and it is not clear that these are related to kap/kab/qab at all.
The word ubur is Sumerian for ‘teats’ [Tuna90:12] so that this connects us to both teats and mouth and
thus to breastfeeding infants. We should also note that the transition k→x→h→Ø has already taken place by
the time of Sumerian. But we have Karachay-Balkar cukka (breasts, udder, See #749) therefore pointing to
a connection with mouth, breastfeeding, and suckling again. This means that cum/yum could have
originally referred only to closing the mouth, or even earlier to milk or to suckling infants. The ikileme
çımma ak (Karachay-Balkar, equivalent to appa ak and Turkish ap ak) points to the possibility that çım
referred to milk and thus related to the water words, or that em (to suck) is related to cum or yem (feed). In
other words, the earlier form of ‘mother’ in Turkic could have been closer to ama, or amma and not ana, or
this set of words arose out of slang and ‘mother’ was related to ög/öge/eke/egeç. In any case Latin
ama/amore (love) is likely from Etruscan. Indeed one can find this root in the form amran- Refl. f. of amra:-;
basically ‘to be friendly, loving’ ‘to desire, lust’. [Clauson72:163]; amranmak 'a loving disposition'; [Clauson72:164],
Kzk émren (to fondle, of a mother), and Turkish imren (to long for, covet, originally probably originally
‘to lust’), and directly in Turkish as am/amcık (vulgar for vagina). Karachay-Balkar suklan (to covet from
suk, to insert) likely came from a similar concept. It is not clear if cuk is related to suk/sok (to insert). If the
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sound changes were cubur→yubur→ubur (teats) then clearly there was no y→c change in Turkic, and the
change c→y did not occur only a few hundred years ago in the steppes but likely thousands of years before
Sumerian was committed to writing. Then there is no surpise if Arabic um (mother), is found to be related
to this set of words. There are obviously related words in Turkic, such as yumur, yumurta, and yumruk
and these seem to come from closing the fingers (clenching the fist) to create something round. By likely
slang usage, the word cuwuk (relative, near) --Turkish yavuk (near, betrothal, lover)-- has arisen. The
words cukla, uyu, uyukla (to sleep), cuku (sleep, KB), uyku(sleep, Turkish), uyxu, yuxu (Azeri, sleep)
seem to be from the correlation of feeding babies and putting them to sleep, especially in light of Turkish
avun; avın (to comfort, Clauson72:7), also uwut, uvut, and yubat [Clauson72:7]. However there is a more
interesting twist to this set; they relate to cut/yut (to swallow) and to the set of words çene/çiğne (jaw/to
chew, Turkish) and cayak/çayna (Karachay-Balkar). Since cay/yay means ‘to spread out’ and apparently
means ‘open’ in cayak (cheek i.e. the thing that gets spread/open), we no longer need to wonder if it is
related to cey (to eat), *yey/ye (to eat), or yem(feed), yudum (a swallow). As an aside, the resemblances to
English jaw and chew are probably not accidental. At this point we should point out that Hittite ais (mouth)
and Hittite iumul (animal feed; compare to Turkish yemiş) no longer look strange by existing in the Middle
East thousands of years before Turkic languages were supposed to be anywhere in the Middle East. Latin ōs
(mouth) is likely then from Etruscan, and neither word is likely etymologizable in *PIE unless they can be
related to ed (to eat). To make the matters more interesting, since the word cukla seems to be connected to
feeding and sleeping at the same time, we have a right to expect that the Kipchak for house üy/öy etc may
indeed be derived from ‘sleeping over’ as the word for house in Arabic is derived from sleeping over. Under
the circumstances, it is easy enough to relate avun also to ev. To see that these changes did not take place in
the steppes merely hundreds of years ago, it is sufficient to point out that these changes had already taken
place by the time Sumerian made it into writing; é (Sumerian, house), ú (Sumerian, to sleep). The words ú
in Sumerian, and udı/uđı in Türküt [Clauson] have to do with sleep, and thus the words seem to be about
nursing/sleeping/eating. Other words having to do with nourishment also show a striking internal cohesion
in Turkic, such as aç (hungry i.e. open-mouthed as in bird chicks), aç (to open), aş (food), aşa (to eat), iç (to
drink), açı/acı (bitter), ak (to flow), cay (to spread [the mouth]?), cayak (jaw), çayna
rĝa
(to chew), çiğne (to
chew, Turkish) cey
erge
(to eat), *yey/ye (to eat), yem (animal feed), yemiş (fruit), etc. Further, others such
as piş (to cook), haşla (to cook by boiling, Turkish), *haş (cooked food), as (meat, Chuvash), et (meat), it
(dog), at (horse). Both animals were likely early sources of food. Herodotus mentions ashchy (ašçı→açı?)
as one of the food-words of the steppe-dwellers.
105. ār “forest” jB lex.
orman obsolete forest;
Turkish orman, forest; Chuvash vărman forest [Krueger61:237]
or
urĝa
to reap crops; budaynı rp wheat; oraq bla reap with a sickle
ōr 'to mow (grass), to reap (crops)' [Clauson72:194]; orū 'a storgage pit dug in the ground'; [Clauson72:197];
Chuvash vır to reap [Krueger61:238];
oraq (-ĝı) 1) sickle;
orğāk 'sickle, reaping hook' [Clauson72:216]
The standard line on Turkic peoples has them coming from somewhere in northern Siberia east of the Altays, who
were happily hunting and fishing in the forests and who had apparently never seen any steppes or horses, or
agriculture. But there are very difficult things to explain if this is true. The word or in Karachay-Balkar means 'to reap'. In
Turkish it is ora. The word orak/oraq which probably exists in every Turkic language means ‘scythe’. How could a
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people living east of the Altays and in northern Siberia catching fish and hunting have kept these words in their memory
from the days of Sumerians? Who then brought these words to them? Are these people to be considered prototurks or
are these words to be considered borrowings? The word oraq can be considered to be a technological word that could
easily be borrowed but (1) things are not that simple since it seems to come from native roots because of the
connection to everyday things, and (2) there are more words like this, and (3) there do not seem to be other peoples
from whom Turkic peoples allegedly borrowed many words who have the same words as native words. For example, it
would be quite difficult to claim that all the water words were borrowed into Turkic. In addition these words seem to be
more archaic versions of words that pop up in other languages such as Iranian, or Afroasiatic.
One can find dozens of these words in similar context. Sumerian Ninurta (goddess of agriculture), and urta (plow?)
point to the same place. In fact one can see more and more evidence piling up. Agriculture in its beginning probably
consisted of cutting the wheat, piling it all up in a central spot, where the whole village then took their places around the
wheat and beat it with sticks/clubs to separate the wheat kernels from the stalks. One can see this quite clearly; KBal
orun (place, seating place, seat), KBal orunduk (bed; note the d-bolgaric, it should be *orunluk), ornal (to take a
place), oltur (likely from something like *oruntur, to sit). This also gave rise to a set of words having to do with ‘place’,
particularly military (See Redhouse dictionary). Thus the word orda, from which Turkish ordu (army), Urdu (Pakistan’s
language, i.e. camp language), and English horde derive.
Other words include urluk (seed), üzük (clan)Tatar orlıq (seed i.e. for reaping), Kzk/Kyr uruk (clan). Of course,
again, the word ırk (race,clan) shows up in Arabic with the plural form uruk. This shows up as yüz in Kzk and Kyr so
that the word for 100 could come from that of clan. There is also uru also means ‘hole’ which could refer to planting
thus is a part of this paradigm, and easily relatable both to and Chuvash xura (to dig) and or (to reap). There are
probably people still planting seeds the same way today; i.e. get a sharp pointed stick, strike the ground to make a small
hole, drop a few seeds, and kick some dirt over it.
The formation of orun is also interesting; the -un should have created a reflexive verb, but instead it creates a noun,
like erin (lips), boyun (neck), qarın(stomach, abdomen), etc. Turkish ürün (produce) is likely related. It is possible that
the change *urun/uđun > un might lie at the root of the word for ‘flour’, and finally since flour is white, that could be root
of the word hürün (white) although it is possible that it could be related to irin (pus). Sumerian concept of the universe
had three worlds, the world above (the heavens), the world below (after world) and the middle world, the surface of the
earth where agriculture took place along with other things. There is no real way to derive Turkic orta (middle). The word
ara may even be derived from orta. See oraqçı, orda, ornalĝan, ornat
ırĝa
, ornaş
ırĝa
, ornaş
ırĝa
, orta, or
urĝa
, oruw, un,
ur
urĝa
.
106. ārā “earth, land” NB lex.; ←Aram.
ar ar (measure of area)
ara 1. 1) middle, medial, average; 2) center central; 3) interval; belgi border 4) mutual relation; 5)
between, inter, during; 6. general, common, public, joint; bir, da sometimes, from time to time;
aran valley, lowland
özen gorge, valley; teberdi teberdi gorge, valley teberdi; teren deep gorge; üç t
converging at the beginning of the Kuban river, which the karachays originally occupied
öz valley, and the like; an ancient word [Clauson72:278]
It is impossible not to see the equation set :
ar = öz
aran=özen
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107. āraħtu (major canal in nother Babylonia) j/NB;← urħu ♣ ?
See arık, and –tV seems to be an ancient Turkic suffix which is no longer productive.
108. arimānu (a kind of axe)? JB lex.
It looks like the word means ‘splitter’.
carım 1. half; 2. defective; imperfect; ayrımkan a peninsula.
Chuvash śură half [Krueger61:232]; Turkis yarım, half.
According to Miziev, the name Arimaspi, (Herodotus) is mistranslated. It does not mean ‘one-eyed’ but
rather ‘half-eyed’. The word for ‘eye’ according to Miziev was ‘sepi’. There is no ‘sepi’ in Karachay-
Balkar but there is xımil, which indicates that the word might have been Bolgaric since s>x is common in
Bolgaric. Furthermore p>m is also very common. In this case Arimaspi means “half-closed eyes” and refers
to a Mongoloid people. If these Mongoloid people were Turkic or if the Turkic speakers were Mongoloid ,
they would not have called themselves ‘half-eyed’. Thus the word, if it is Turkic, was used by Turkic (or
protoTurkic) speakers to refer to a Mongoloid people. It was in the steppes north of the Caucasus that
people from the Middle East and Northern Asia mixed as can be shown by genetic evidence. It was with
these people that the people from the Mideast mixed producing Common Turkic.
109. aripše (an agricultural implement) Nuzi; ←Hurr.
Prototurkic apparently had the root *kar (to dig). This word would seem to be cognate with something
like *karıptı which in modern terms would be more like *karıpçı, if Turkic were still a lr language and
*kazıpçı in more modern terms. See āraħtu and others like it.
qaz
arĝa
1) to dig; to hollow cer to dig ground; ur qazıb aç
arĝa
to dig a hole; 2) to extract; altın to
extract gold; 3) to rummage; tiş ts teeth; tübün a) to undermine; b) figurative to rummage
looking for somebody’s dirty linen
eş 'to dig; to row (dig water)' [Clauson72:255]. It is difficult to obtain this from *kar but it would be possible under the
changes k>0 and the standard r>z=ş
The ‘unsolved’ problem of the meaning of ‘kazak’ and ‘kazar’, qazan (kazan) might also be found in the sound
shifts of Turkic languages. It means ‘to dig’. Only in Turkish does gez mean ‘to wander’ (also kez, Clauson72:757).
Herodotus [HerO97:327] states that the Scythians cooked meat by putting the meat in the stomach of the animal with
some water, and then using that as the ‘cooking pot’ and using the bones and fat of the animal for fuel. Miziev
[MizI96:48] gives references to this way of cooking observed relatively recently, except that he describes the process in
more detail. A pit is dug, and a fire started in it using grass, and the bones of the animal. Then the stomach of the
animal with the meat inside mixed with some water is put in the pit. This relates the word for digging with cooking,
specifically with the word for a make-shift cooking pot.
We already know that Sumerian har (meaning ‘to dig’) [TunO90:17] is cognate with Turkic kaz with the same
meaning. The answer is very suggestive, some peoples who did not have cooking pots (not even ceramic ones) and
who probably were on the move a lot (i.e. nomads) used this method of cooking. It is hardly worth pointing out that the
common Turkic word for cooking pot which is qazan/kazan can hardly be obtained from kaz meaning ‘goose’ (which
might even be a loan from IE if not protoworld) or from qaz/kaz meaning ‘to dig’ any other way. Once again this can be
found to go back to Sumerian era [TunO90:13]. Kurgan is from Turkic and means ‘grave’ or ‘tumulus’ for a grave.
Furthermore, the word for ‘stomach’ is qarın which seems to belong to a set of early words such as qoyun, qıyın,
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boyun, qalın, qatın, kırkın etc. Another alternative for Turkish gez meaning ‘to wander’ is from köç but this word also
has the same kö root having to do with things like digging, burying (köm,göm), sinking (kömek, TunO90:12]), and
underground things (kömür) which are again apparently related to the same idea. This idea explains why there are
people called kashog, or kashogian north of the Caucasus when the Turkic peoples are all supposed to be east of the
Altays according to standard history. Incidentally, the kar root must go back to quite ancient times since reflexes can be
found in Proto-Korean as *kar-. Many such words can be found in present day languages: kar→ karık (furrow in
archaic Turkish); kazu (to dig, Tatar); χır (dig, Chuvash); qaru (to dig ,Classical Mongol); xaru (to dig, Khalkha); qır (to
scrape in Karachay-Balkar, and Kazakh). We also have the names of instruments from the same roots: küre →
kürek(shovel) ; kaşı→ kaşık (spoon); kaz → kazık (peg) or kazı→ kazık. There are related words; kurgan (burial
grave/mound); kör (grave, Turkish, Karachay-Balkar, etc); kara (land, said to be Arabic); qora (to disappear, to die,
Karachay-Balkar); Turkish doublet karma-karışık (from kar to mix, stir (overturn earth?). Therefore the word qazan
(cooking pot) really is from qaz (to dig). Therefore the words kazak (>cossack), hussar (word for digging. These nomads were ‘diggers’ in that their nomadism determined their cooking method. This method
was probably used by all humans before the advent of ceramic or metallic pots and pans. The words for plates and
pans in Turkic also show their derivation from metal working.
The reconstructions attest to the same: *kar ( to dig, Proto-Altaic); also hur = to scratch; etc.; kur = to incise, notch;
etc. (Sumerian), and while we are at it, hariya (to bury) in Hittite. Uralic languages show similar results. *kara = dig
(Proto-Finno-Volgaic). After all this, it seems nonsensical to insist that kara (land) is Iranian. It is obviously a loan in
Persian as is the word karsh in Sanskrit. Strangely enough the words pit and pot in English point to a similar
development. And even more to the point, Russian garshog (pot), and sovok < kürek seem to confirm this viewpoint.
110. arāħu(m) ♣ occas. warāħum “to hasten” O/jB G (pret. īraħ; stat. aruħ) “be urgent, hurry”; vent. “come quickly”
D “speed up, send speedily”; “scare away”; in hendiad. urruħu + vb. “do X quickly” Štn iter. “hurry (s.o./th.) very much”;
→arħu ♣ arħiš; urruħiš; murriħu; → eēħu
aşıĝıb hasty, in a hurry
aşıĝıw ) action name to aşıĝ
ırĝa
;
aşıĝı
rĝa
to hasten, to hurry;
aşıĝış 1. hasty, urgent; asırı p; 2. running about, bustle;
aşıĝışda in a hurry, being in a great haste, hastily, hurriedly
aşıĝış
ırĝa
to hasten
aşıĝışlı urgent
aşıĝışlıq (-ĝı) haste, urgency; - bla in a hurry
aşıĝışsız quiet, slow, without haste
aşıĝıwçu hasty
aşıĝıwlu 1) urgent; iş urgent business the matter is urgent/pressing 2) hasty
aşıq-buşuq (-ĝu) vanity, turmoil; haste; et
erge
to fuss
111. arāħu(m) ♥ ~ “ to devour, destroy” O/jB G (a/u) of fire, dog “consume”’ opponent, life Š caus. Of G; → erēħu
aş 1) food, meal; dinner; ertden aş breakfast; aş üy kitchen, restaurant; aş ayır
ırĝa
to be choosy; aşxa
aç
arĝa
to cause appetite; aş ber
irge
to feed; aşdan ayrıl
ırĝa
to lose appetite (literally to be disconnected from
meal); aş eritıw digestion; 2) fodder, forage as in mal aş;
aşa
rĝa
to eat; terekni qurt aşaĝandı worms have eaten the tree; 6) figurative to appropriate(give), to
spend (another's); sen meni haqımı kşese you try to appropriate my share;
Chuvash aš meat [Krueger61:216]; Turkish aş, food; aş, food [Decsy98:39]
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It is said that this word is from Iranian. Some of these are borrowings from Iranian into Turkish, for example, aşure.
However there are problems. The most important reason is that internal reconstruction in Turkic produces an amazing
internal coherence: aş (to eat), aç (hungry), aç (open, as in open-mouthed), iç (to drink), açı (bitter). The verb acıkmak
(to be hungry in Turkish) is irregular. Usually verbs created from nouns have suffixes –la or in some cases –na,
therefore pointing to very early days. Furthermore, other words such as at (horse), and it (dog) very closely resemble et
(meat) and aş (food). Going further back in time (and across Turkic languages) we find Turkish haşla (to cook by
boiling), piş/biş (to cook in various Turkic languages, Turkish ısı (heat), Karachay-Balkar issi (hot), Azeri isti (hot),
Hittite hassa (oven). Karachay-Balkar also has aşxın (stomach), azıq (provisions), aşarıq (food), and
uşxuwur/şkuwur for food, which is very highly likely left over from Bolgaric. See aşaw, aşaw-caşaw, aşlaw, aşlıq, aş-
suw, aşügü, aşura, aşaw-içiw, aşarıq-içerik. .
aşarıq (-ĝı) 1. meal, food, dish; et meat dish; issi hot food; et
erge
to prepare dinner, cook;
aşat
ırĝa
causative of aşa
rĝa
to grind off, rub off
aşaw 1) action name to aşa
rĝa
; 2) karach. profit, income; 3) karach. pension, grant, alimony 4) karach. a
forage; çeplew use of seeds
aşalĝan 1) participle to aşal
ırĝa
; 2) erased, 3) eat (up) ( for ex. about products)
aşal
ırĝa
1) passive to aşa
rĝa
; 2) refl. to be wiped; to be ground off, to be worn out; aşalıb üzül
ürge
to fray
aşalıwçu edible (about plants)
aşalt
ırĝa
causative of aşal
ırĝa
1) to wipe, fray; 2) to grind, temirni to grind iron; aşaltıb boşa
rĝa
to
grind off
112. arāku(m) “to be long’ [GID(.DA)] G (i/i) of distance; transf. in PN of arm (idum); of time, patience, life reign “be
long, last long; drag on; be too long” D of space, time “make long, lengthen; be overdue”; in hendiad. urruku + vb. “do X
at length” Dt “be protracted” Š “prolong, extend” time; → arku, ariktu; arraku; urku; mūraku, māraku; urāku
uzaq (-ĝı) 1. 1) far, distant; ket
erge
to go far; colĝa çıĝ
arĝa
to set off to a distant place; dı verb
far; carı far; for miles and miles away; carı ket
erge
to go far; 2) long; caşaw long life; zaman
long time; 3) distant (about relationship); adamım tüyülse you are not distantly related to me;
cuwuqla the distant relatives ;
ırāk 'distant, far away' [Clauson72:214]
ür a long time, a period extending far into the past' [Clauson72:193];
ozākī previous, of old time [Clauson72:284]
uzat
ırĝa
1) to submit, to stretch; qoluŋu to stretch out your hand; açxa to give a bribe
uzatıw gerund uzat
ırĝa
; qol reach a hand (for a greeting)
uzayĝan 1) particip. from uzay
ırĝa
; 2) delayed; zaman gram. past time
uzay
ırĝa
1) move away; to leave; uzayıb ket
erge
to leave; uzaya bar
ırĝa
a) move away from; keep away
from; b) to be delayed (in time);
uzaymay soon;
uzun 1. 1) long; barmaqla long fingers; bol
urĝa
a) to become long; to be extended, to be extended;
b) to be too long; atla
rĝa
to do(make) the large (long) steps; et
erge
to extend; to extend in length; 2) high,
tall; adam tall man; boylu (or süyekli) tall person; iŋiçke long and thin; 3) long; xapar long
story; 2. length; keçeni u all night, during all night; künnü u all day long, during all day; u bla
keŋine lengthways and across; sırt backbone;
uzal
ırĝa
1) to reach; uzalıb al
ırĝa
to stretch a hand and to take, to take by stretching; uzalıb cet
erge
to
stretch and reach; 2) to touch, to try; aşarıqĝa to touch the meal (i.e. to eat);
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uzaltıw gerund uzalt
ırĝa
; qoluŋu reach of your hand
113. aralaš (a plant) jB lex.; ←Kass.?
arantu, arandu ( a kind of grass) jB arantu → also araddu
araratħu (a tree)jB lex.; ←Hurr.?
arari(y)ānu (a plant) M/jB med.
ararû ♣ arāru, arararu (a plant) jB lex., med.
aratħu (a tree) jB lex.; ←Hurr.?
arībānu (a plant) jB lex., med.
ör liter., figurative height; top; anı qarıwu senikinden ördü he/she is stronger than you
ör 'height, high' [Clauson72:193]; ör 'to rise' [Clauson72:195]
The words/roots ös, oz (i.e. ozĝun), ör (height, upwards), az (to overdo), asırı, aşır
ırĝa
all seem to be related. The
meanings are similar and the sound changes are ones that are expected in Turkic languages. The root ar/arma had to
do with height in the language of peoples of Anatolia (about the time of the Hittites). The word for moon was derived
from these words. For example, ar/arma show up in Hittite, where ar has to do with height as in Turkic ör, and arma
means moon. If the original sound in here was đ then we can easily derive ar/ör, ay (moon), and az/oz (to surpass, to
overtake, to pass, overdo, be excessive), and even relate them to öd/öđ (to pass) and then with vowel changes ör > ös
(to grow [high]), üz (high in Orkhon stele). See oz
arĝa
, ozĝun, azar, asırı, aşır
ırĝa
, üyre
rge
, asıral
ırĝa
,bitdir
irge
, ös
erge
,
bit
erge
etc.
örçü
rge
balk. rare to grow, to develop
öre 1) high; geben high stack; 2) standing; worth; caĝa standing collar; 3) standing on legs
örekina balk. long, lanky, leggy, gangling; caş lanky lad
örelendir
irge
causative of örelen
irge
to lift, to put on legs
örelen
irge
refl. - passive to örele
rge
to rise, to rise [on legs]
örelet
irge
causative of örele
rge
1) to lift, to put on legs2) to disturb, to result in excitement
öresine entirely; ötürük complete lie, all of it is a lie
öresinley see öresine
öretin see öretinley
öretinley 1) standing; on legs; aşadıla they ate standing up;
örge 1) upwards, higher; tik i) abruptly upwards; b) abrupt rise: qobar
ırĝa
(or turĝuz
urĝa
) to lift;
örkeç hump (of camel)
örle
rge
to rise, to climb up; tawĝa to rise on a mountain
örlew act. to örle
rge
ascension; rise; tawĝa rise on a mountain
örlük (-gü) abstr. to ör victory; superiority; al
ırĝa
to gain a victory
örme
rge
1) to rise (to leave) 2) to be anxious; a) why you have risen?; b) what excites you?
örüm rise; col ge baradı the road rises
örümle
rge
1) to rise, to go on rise
örümlük (-gü) abstr. to örüm; be on rise
örüş 1) rise; sürem on a rise, upwards; xans grass on a [mountain] pasture 2) geogr. (also cer)
height
örüşlü with grass, covered with a grass; sırt plateau covered with grass
örüşsüz not having grasss, with poor vegetation; cer naked region, district with poor vegetation
ösdür
ürge
causative of ös
erge
1) to bring up; 2) to cultivate; gardoş gsaqal grow a
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beard 3) to develop; to raise, to lift; küçnü ie of force; 4) increase; malnı sanın to increase
livestock of cattle
ösdürüw act. to ösdür
ürge
1) bring up 2) growth, nurture, cultivation 3) development; increase
ös
erge
1) to grow; to be brought up; sabiyle ösedile children grow; ösüb kelgen caş tölü young
generation; 2) to grow, sprout; bu terek aqırın ösedi this tree grows slowly; ösüb oz
arĝa
to develop (for ex.
on growth); ösüb cetmegen underdeveloped 3) to develop to ripen to get stronger; 4) to grow to be
increased; malnı sanı ösedi increase livestock of cattle; qozlawu ösgendi the percents(interests) have
grown 5) figurative to amplify; qayĝısı ösgenden ösüb tebredi his(its) anxiety began to amplify;
Chuvash üs to grow, extend [Krueger61:237]; irig 'to grow' [Clauson72:228]; ös 'to grow' Mong. verb
[Clauson72:240];
ösmezlik (-gi) doomed; unpromising (for ex. enterprise)
ösüm 1) growth, height (man) 2) growth, development;
ösümlü 1) tall, high; adam tall man
ösümlük (-gü) karach. plant; le vegetation, flora; le ornatıw gardening
ösümsüz undersized, shortish, low growth, caş boy of low growth
114. arammu(m) “causeway” Bab. “ramp” (for siege); “embankment, bund” of canal; → armu ♦
kār- to overflow and the like [Clauson72:643]
karım kār- a moat, town ditch, and the like; lit. (a moat filled by) a single overflow of water[Clauson72:659]
Sumerian garim ’Fluss-Aue’ (MSL, III, 109) vs Turkic arıq ’ ırmak’ [river, canal] [Tuna90: ]
See arıq II (-ĝı) irrigation ditch; aryk
115. arāmu, jB also erēmu “to cover” Bogh., jB G (i/i) “cover s.th. with s.th.” (= 2 acc.), drum with skin, object with
gold; “place (tablet) in a (clay) case”; ext., bodily parts; of cloud “cover” moon, planet; of smoke “veil” face; transf.
“cover” s.o’s face etc. with radiance, gloom etc. D “cover up”; → armu ♣; nāramu; ermu; erimtu ♥ urindu; tārīmu; OA,
OB → ħarāmum ♣; arandu → araddu; arantu
örten fire (of dried up grass)
Chuvash vit to cover [Krueger61:238]; Turkish ört, to cover; eşü 'to cover, envelop' [Clauson72:255]
ört 'flame, conflagration' [Clauson72:201]; örtüg 'covering' [Clauson72:205]; örit 'to arouse' [Clauson72:208]; ört
'to light' [Clauson72:208]; örten 'to blaze, burn' [Clauson72:209]; örtel 'to be set on fire' [Clauson72:20]; örtet, örte: 'to
have set on fire, or burnt' [Clauson72:208];
It is not clear how this can be related to the other words with the root ör. If the root for fire originally
had a đ, then it is possible that it could have changed to an r. There is evidence for such a view. At the same
time the covering up of the fire could have shifted to the fire itself. Similarly, the word for fire, ot, could
have come to also stand for the kindling that is used to start fire, prairie grass. Both Bolgaric and common
Turkic versions existed together apparently.
116., arānu(m) ♥ “to be guilty” G Am. stat. only D Mari “blame”; ←arnu denom.?
ayıb 1. 1) shame; 2) blame, reproach; 3) defect; tab
arĝa
to find defect;
ar 'shame' [Clauson72:192]; Chuvash χur goose, shame, distress [Krueger61:240];
yër- - ‘to loathe (something esp. food, Acc.); to criticize, or blame (someone Acc.)’[Clauson72: 955].
ıylıĝ
ırĝa
i) to hesitate, to be ashamed; ıylıqĝandan with shame; 2) to be dishonoured;
ıylıq shame, conscience ( - ĝı) karach. 1); anı ~ ı coqdu he has no conscience 2) shame; kör
ürge
to
suffer(bear) humiliation; to be humiliated
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uyal
ırĝa
1) to hesitate, to be ashamed, to feel shy; 2) to be dishonored, bring shame upon oneself;
uyalĝan ayıb tüldü, uyalmaĝan ayıbdı proverb it is not a shame to be ashamed (to be shy), it is a shame
– not to be ashamed
uyat shame, conscience; ı bolĝan someone with a conscience; et
erge
to be ashamed;
uyat 'shame, modesty, shyness' [Clauson72:267];
Turkish utan to be ashamed; Chuvash χur goose, shame, distress [Krueger61:240];
törele
rge
1) obsolete to judge; tersni to judge guilty 2) to discuss; işni to discuss business
korlan- to be offended, ashamed, humiliated, insulted [Clauson72:659]
These are almost perfect examples of the kinds of sound changes Turkic languages have gone through
and the sound changes that explain these which were given in the beginning. These variations indicate that
the original was with a đ, so đ>r and đ>y. And like Semitic, the vowels seem to alternate between /a/ and
/u/. It is not clear if ı(e.g. to have a blackened name), and that k117. arapšannu (a precious object)? Am.(Mit.); ←Hurr.?; arāpu → erēpu; arāqu → warāqum; arararu → ararîr ♣
taraq < * tarap
taraq (-ĝı) 1) comb, crest, hairbrush; 2) comb; camçı cb for a raising of pile of a felt cloak; cün
comb for carding wool; 3) honeycomb, framework; bal honeycomb; 4) lobule, a piece; xarbız lobule of
a water-melon 5) (bird’s) crest; guguruknu ı a crest of the cock
tara
rĝa
1) to brush, to card; cün to card wool; 2) flapping or streaming [in the wind]; cel bayraqlanı
taraydı banners are flapping/streaming in the wind; 3) to wash away (by a river); suw caĝasın taraydı river
washes away its banks; caŋŋur çaçımı taraydı the rain flows down on my hair;
taraw 1) action name to tara
rĝa
a) combing; b) waving; swinging, swaying; v) washing out 2) torment,
suffering; cürek pain
tarawçu 1. comber 2. carder
Humans used bone tools for a long time. Thus they used jaws of animals (such as dogs) likely for combing wool, or
even hair. According to Herodotus, some of the steppe nomads even used skulls of animals to make drinking cups.
Under the circumstances in which they lived, cups from skulls were probably the most economical, and sturdy.
Needless to say this had to be before the metals age or during which metal was still too expensive except perhaps for
weapons. Thus this word is likely related to tala
rĝa
.
118. arāruī subst. “curse” jB, NA; ←arāru ♥ infin.
ariru (or āriru, arīru) 1. (a priest uttering curses)? NB; ← arāru ♥ 2. (an epith. of fire) jB 3. (a weapon jB; ←arāru ♦
arratu(m) “curse” OAkk, OA, M/jB [AŠ ] a. arāri
“to curse s.o. (with a curse)”; NB a. ilāni “one cursed by the gods”; ←arāru ♥; → erretu ♣
qarĝa
rĝa
to damn, curse
qarĝış damnation; ayt
ırĝa
to throw curses, to damn
qarĝışçı swearer, cursor, profaner;
qarĝışlı having bad soul, profane
qarĝışlıq (-ĝı) worthy of damnation
qarĝış-sögüş abuse, bad language, swearing, profanity, quarrel
119. arāru(m) ♣ ♥ ħarāru “to be convulsed” Bab. G (u/u, pres. also i’arru/ar) [UR
4
] of human beings, demons,
animals, earth(quake) “tremble, shake”, lit. “suffer cramp, be convulsed”?; med., of parts of body (freq. ħarāru, different
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word?); of sea, rivers “be rough, muddy” Gtn iter. D “stir up, frighten”; om., med. In stat. Of parts of body “suffers
cramp. Convulses” Dt “be stirred up, convulsed” N ingress. “begin to convulse”? Ntn iter. of N and G [UR
4
.UR
4
]; →
ariru 3;arurtu; tārūru?; the verbs arāru ♣ ♥ erēru and ħarāru cannot yet be differentiated in every case; → also tarāru
qorq
arĝa
1) to be afraid, to be frightened; qorqa bilmegen fearless;
qaltıra
rĝa
liter., figurative to shiver, to shake, to tremble; qorqub to shiver from fear
Chuvash χăra to be afraid, to fear [Krueger61:239]
It seems pretty clear that qorq and qaltıra are related, and Chuvash, via spirantization, has gotten a lot
closer to the Akkadian version. More variation (possibly an even earlier i-grade version) can be seen below.
tentire
rge
1) to stagger, to shake; 2) to come in confusion, to be lost; to be at a loss, to experience
difficulties;
titire
rge
1) to shiver, to shake; tremble; 2) to be horrified;
Chuvash čětre to shake, quiver, tremble, vibrate [Krueger61:218]; Turkish titre, to shake, tremble.
120. arasu(m) 1. OB (a container for salt)? 2. NA mng. unkn.
tāz yēr salty ground with scanty tōz dust. [Clauson72: 570]
tarkā(/talka) bitter, sour. [Clauson72:539]
Chuvash tăvar salt [Krueger61:234]; Turkish tuz, salt.
tūz(?d-) salt. [Clauson72: 571]
toz- to become dust, to volatilise. [Clauson72: 572]
tōĝ 'dust' [Clauson72:463]
topuraq (-ĝı) 1) clay; ground clay, earthen; 2) ground;
Chuvash tăpra ground, soil, dust, earth [Krueger61:234]; Turkish toprak, soil. If the original was more like
*torpak, then the root of this word would be related to toz (Turkish dust), tuz (salt). It would also relate to cer/yer
(earth) which presumably came from *der, to Sumerian tir (land, country), and Latin terra. Furthermore Turkish turşu
(salted/pickled) would no longer be derived from allegedly Persian torshi, but instead Persian torshi would be from
ProtoTurkic for salt. In fact, it can be found basically in the same form in Clauson: turi: bitter, acrid. (Clauson72:531)
121. argabu, arkabu, erkabu (a bird) jB lex.[ARGAB.MUŠ EN]; ←Sum.
qarĝa crow, jackdaw, daw; aman black crow
quş-qartçıĝa birds
quş 1) eagle; 2) bird ; 3) down;
122. ammartû “eaglet” Bogh. Lex; ←Sum.
Turkish kartal eagle;
The same sound equivalence m=r can be seen here also as in kam-=kör-.
123. arbu(m) ♣ OB phps. warbum “waste, uncultivated” Bab., of meadow (ugāru); = ħarbu ♣ ?; →arbūtu ♣
arbu ♥ “fugitive, runaway” Nuzi, jB; ←nērubu; → arbūtu ♥ arbû → arwium; erbû
arbūtu(m) ♥ “flight, rout” O/jB, of army, person in a. alāku “to take flight”; status of a fugitive; ←arbu ♥
qarmal
ırĝa
1) karach. to go out, to die; 2) karach. to die, to lose; 3) to be exposed, to check, to be
checked
qarmalt
ırĝa
1) to extinguish; otnu to extinguish a fire;
qarma
rĝa
1) karach. to extinguish; öçeşiwde to win in dispute; oyunda to win a game; uruşda to
kill in a fight; qoyannı tre; işni to finish work; baçxanı tölgenni to bury
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the deceased;
124. arbu ♥ “fugitive, runaway” Nuzi, jB; ←nērubu; → arbūtu ♥ arbû → arwium; erbû
arbūtu(m) ♥ “flight, rout” O/jB, of army, person in a. alāku “to take flight”; status of a fugitive; ←arbu ♥
qaç
arĝa
1) to run; to escape; qaçıb ketdi he/she has escaped; askerden desert from the army; 2) to
avoid, to evade; halqdan qaçxan adam hermit; 3) to elope
Chuvash kălar to go out, issue, subtract; get away (as of fish) [Krueger61:221]. The fact that we see an l in
Chuvash means that the original had an s then ş and that changed to ç later. There could have been the usual
confusion of the liquids.
125. ardadu “thief” jB
uru I 1) thief; nu artı(or tıbırı) quru proverb the end of larceny – punishment
uruçu thief; qawum gang of thieves
oĝrī ‘thief’ , ’furtively’. [Clauson72:90]
126. argukkum, argugu (an agricultural implement, phps.) roller” O/jB lex.; ←Sum.
See qaz
arĝa
(to dig). It was originally *qar-. In Chuvash the vowel is /u/ and the q has spirantized.
In keeping with the sound changes given, other related words are also given below. The implement was
apparently used to dig or mix/stir the earth/dirt, e.g. *karĝak, or *karĝuk. (See oraq vs orĝak [Clauson]).
qatışdır
ırĝa
1) to prevent, to mix; 2) to confuse; başımı qatışdırma do not confuse me; 3) to entangle, to
involve; bu işge meni kim qatışdırdı? who entangled me in this business?
qatış
ırĝa
1) to be prevented, to mix up, to mix up with; 2) to be confused; qatışıb turama I am confused;
3) figurative to interfere, to get mixed up; to participate in; sözge– to interfere with conversation;
qatışmazĝa to not interfere; 4) to be disarranged (about hair)
qatışma mix; mess
qatış-qura 1) chaos, disorder, mess chaotic 2) medley; et
erge
to mix. to make medley
kat- to mix (two things), to add (something acc.) see kar-.[Clauson72:594]
katık (katuk) something mixed into something else [Clauson72:598]
kar- (?kār-) to mix kat- 1 kar- seems now to be obsolete kattī kardī - to mix[Clauson72:642]
kar- to be mixed (with something) (katıl-): Xak. katılmaz karılmaz sakışka[Clauson72:658]
uru II hole; qaz
arĝa
to dig a hole;
uruğla: 'to sow seed' [Clauson72:220]
127. arħā “every month” NB [IITI (.A)(.TA)(.AM/A’)];←warħum; arħālum → warħālum
arħānû, erħānû ‘monthly …’? jB lex. 1. “green, unripe date” 2. (an intestinal disorder); ←warħum + -an +-ī?;
arħišam(ma) → warħišamma; arħītum → warħītum
arħussu “every month, monthly” j/NB [ ITI -];←warħum +-ūt+-šu; aria → erium; iria; aribānû → arabānû
ay II 1. 1) month; 2) moon; tolĝan ay full moon; caŋŋı ay new moon; ayĝa qonarĝa (or tüşerge) land
on the moon; ay calı monthly salary; ay carıq lunar light, moon light
aydan ayĝa from one month to the other, every month
Chuvash uyăx month, moon [Krueger61:237]; Turkish ay, month
ıyıq ( - ĝı) week; bir dan in one week; bolcalĝa in week term; sayın a) weekly
Chuvash erne week [Krueger61:219];
ıyıx: kün sunday; künlede on Sundays
It can already be seen that the the consonant is y/r which come from *đ. However, there is much more
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data form Hittite, and some of these relate directly to words such as ‘moon’, ‘month’, ‘high’ (öre), long
(uzun), far (uzak, ırak) etc. Many of these words that have collapsed onto the same phonetic form in Hittite
can still be seen to be separate roots in Turkic. See elsewhere in this document. The various forms of the
words in Hittite as separate roots will be shown in Hittite and ProtoTurkic [Hubey, to be published].
Hittite arai, ariya ‘(a)rise, raise, (a)rouse; pull (horses), rein in, hold in check, inhibit’ [Puhvel-1-91:123]
Luw. ari(ya) ‘raise (?) [Puhvel-1-91:126]
arma ‘moon; month; lunula (ornament)’ [Puhvel-1-91:151];
That arma ‘moon’ was widespread in Southern Anatolian lexeme (Hier. MOON-ma-) is visible in the survival of
Cuneiform and Hieroglyphic Luwian anthronyms in Luycian and local Greek.... Lydia is a fringe area: divine and
theophorus arma- may be sparsely attested at Sardis (armĩa, Αρµανανδας cf. A. Heubeck...), but ‘month’ is
probably Lyd. ora- (cf. Gusmani ...). [Puhvel-1-91:151]
IE ‘moon’ words usualy refer to either brightness (Lat. luna, ...) or (time)measure (...), in the latter instance largely
coterminously with ‘month’ (...). Anatolian arma- also probably reflects a more “poetic” innovation in relation to the IE
base type. [Puhvel-1-91:154]
In Anatolian the moon was not ‘bright’ but rather the opposite, viz. ‘pale, weak, feeble’ (a commonplace, as when
Shelley describes death:...). Hence Larouche (...) was probably right ... also connecting arma ultimately with arma(n)
‘sickness’. [Puhvel-1-91:154]
O. Szmerenyi (...) adduced as possible cognates Arm. arťown ‘watchful, alert’, and OIr ar ‘be awake’, aire ‘watch,
attention’ airech ‘attentive’. [Puhvel-1-91:139]
aru ‘high’ [Puhvel-1-91:177]
aru(-) šuwaru jingle like (..) ‘weighty, heavy, mighty’ [Puhvel-1-91:177]
aru like šwaru is probably an ancient IE u-stem adjective, from the widely attested root *er ‘move, stir, raise’ (IEW
326-32) which also yields arai ‘rise’ and many other Hittite words (...); thus perhaps IE *ŗrú. [Puhvel-1-91:178]. [...] The
terms for ‘long’ in Luwian (ara, ari, arrai, ‘long’, aran[n]u[wa] ‘lengthen’ ...), Hieroglyphic (ara ‘long’; ...), and Tocharian
A (aryu ‘long[-lasting]’;...) are interrelated but have at best a general root-relationship to Hitt. aru. [Puhvel-1-91:178]
128. arħu(m) ♣; f. aruħtu “fast, quick” O/jB, NA; in OB ext. epith. of kakkum; jB (Ass.), NA of copper, bronze;
←arāhu ♣;→arħiš
terk fast, quick;
terkin quickly, very soon. [Clauson72:545]; terkē- to hurry. [Clauson72:545]; tezlē- to hurry. [Clauson72: 576];
Turkish tez, quick, quickly..
terkle
rge
speed up, hasten
129. arinnu “well” Nuzi; ←Hurr.
This is a very difficult word because there are so many possibilities. It could be from *arıŋ>arık (see
arık), and *arıŋ>arın(nu) , or it could be a compound word e.g. ar-in (where ar is related to water, washing
etc, and in=to go down, hole). The other words for hole/well may also be related to these words via losses of
consonants. See also qatış-qura, kar/kaz etc.
kuđuĝ which pours out (water), in practice a well [Clauson72:598];
xuyu karach. well, draw-well; shaft; artezian artesian well
qutuq I (-ĝu) 1) obsolete draw-well 2) obsolete mortar (vessel); baş (or sab) pestle; stamper 3)
money-box 4) pumpkin
quyuw draw-well; teren deep draw-well;
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in hole
ōy 'hole, cavity' and 'valley' Clauson72:264];
uru II hole; qaz
arĝa
to dig a hole;
130. arītu(m) ♣ erītu “pregnant (woman)” Bab., NA [MUNUŠ →PEŠ
4
] also of animal; a. šamni “pregnant with oil”
(a plant); ←arû ♠
awurluq (-ĝu) 1) abstr. to awur; 2) weight; 3) cargo, press; 4) slowness; 5) figurative burden; 7)
balk. pregnancy;
qarınlı 1) paunchy popul. 2) voracious; 3) capacious ; 4) pregnant woman
131. arītu ♥ (a knife, dagger) jB lex.; ariyātu → eriyātu; arka → warka; warki
See entry for qıptı scissors.
The root was likely something like qaŧ>qađ, thus *qađıtıw.
sındū ‘scissors’… [Clauson72:836]
kıftū scissors kıptı bıçĝūç, sındū. [Clauson72:582]
132. arkâ “henceforth” MB; ←warkûm?
arkāniš, arkānuš adv. “back; later, subsequently” j/NB a. târu “to return”; ←wark(a) + -ān + -iš
arkānu → warkānum; arkānuš → arkāniš; arkat → warkat
ārkattu → ūrkītum; arka/ātu → warkatum; ariktu 1; arkâtu → warkītum B
arkâtu → warkītum B; ārkayītu→ ūrkītum; arki →warka; warki
arkīnišu “afterwards” NB; ← warki
arkiš adv. “back” jB in a. târu “to return”; “behind” in pāniš u arkiš; ← warkum; Ass. → urkiš
The words in this list are excellent examples of the sound changest that Turkic languages have gone
through over the last 4,000-5,000 years.
arqa 1) back of a living thing; 2) figurative back, backing
arkā 'a backer, someone who stands behind and supports a person' [Clauson72:215]
arqala
rĝa
to take (to charge); to load on oneself
art 1. 1) back, back part; 2) space, behind; rear; ı taba towards the back; 3) end, termination,
outcome; finish; exhaust, last; final;
artda 1) then, subsequently; at the end of; 2) behind
artda-artda after long time
artdaĝa 1) stock 2) at last;
artdaĝı 1) back, last;
artdalıq (-ĝı) stock, accumulation prepared for future use, storage
artdaraq 1) little later; 2) at some distance, a little behind; tur stand back a little
artdası a consequence; qalay bolur? what consequences will there be?
sırt 1) back; uzun backbone; spine; 2) plateau;
Chuvash sărt hill, mountain[Krueger61:229];
sırtlı having back; lı şindik chair with back
soŋura see sora
sora 1. 1) after; 2) except for; 3) then; da sen ketese? So then, you are going?
It seems clear that if p>t>k is true, then art>ark- and if art=sırt, then the original form must have been
more like *ŧart->sırt, and *ŧart>ŧark>ark-.
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133. arku(m), NB also ašku “long” [GID(.DA)], of objects, time; “tall” of people; ūmū arkūtu “long life”; MB ana a.
nadû “to put off”; ← arāku;→arraku, ariktu; arku → also warka; warki; arkû → warkûm
arraku(m) “very long, tall” Bab., O/MA; used as pl. of → arku; arrānu → arānu ♣
See uzak, ırak, uzun.
134. arma(n)niš “like an apricot?” jB(lit.); ←armannu
armannu(m) , armanû, ramannu, OB also arwānum, “apricot? (tree)” O/jB [GIŠ .HAŠ HUR.KUR.RA]; jB, branch
used as drug. Kernel used as perfume; armarrû → azmarû
kertme a pear; terek a pear (tree); qış ã
Turkish armut pear
The root is not clear although it can easily be ör (later ös) but a form such as *armunŧ or *karmunŧ
seems called for if they are both from the same root.
135. arnu(m), O/jB also annu “guilt, fault; penalty” [NAM.TAG.GA] 1. (secular) “fault”, (religious) “sin”; a.paţāru, a.
pašāru “to undo, forgive sins”; bēl a., ša a. “culprit, sinner”; Am. āwīl a. “evil-doer” 2. “penalty, punishment”, a.
emēdu/našû “to impose/suffer punishment”; OA anna a. n/tadānum “to subjet s.o. to punishment 3. Mari a. turrum
“transfer responsibility” onto s.o.; → arānu ♥
tazır penalty; sal
ırĝa
to impose penalty, to fine; al
ırĝa
to collect penalty, to fine;
qaza karach. 1) punishment, collecting; sal
ırĝa
to punish; 2) sorrow; suffering
Both seem to be from the same root. These may be related to ‘scapegoating” e.g. see tarna.
136. aru ♦ “hide”of ox OA
teri 1) leather, skin; çiy newly removed skin ; 2) fur;
Chuvash săran skin, hide [Krueger61:229]; The word was possibly of the form *terin, which makes it one of the
handful of words ending in –in which are not reflexive verbs but nouns such as erin, burun, qarın, qatın.
137. arû(m) ♣ “result” Bab. math. [A.RA ]1. “product” of multiplication 2. “factor, multiplier” (→ alāku G 6) 3. “ready
reckoner, numerical table, astronomical ephemeris”; ← Sum.
kere times
kereleniwçü math. multiplicand
kerele
rge
1) math. increase; kereleb sanın çıĝar
ırĝa
increase and to receive product
kerelewçü math. multiplier
qabat karach. obsolete. 1) times; eki two times
qat II times; -fold; eki twice; doubly; cüz hundredfold
qatla
rĝa
1) to increase; 2) to come nearer, to approach closely;
qatlı 1) layered, having layers; köb lı multi-layer; multi-ply; 2) multiple; 3) balk. story;
The proposed sound changes mean that these words come from the same root, including Sumerian kal
(to multiply), and perhaps even Latin calculus (pebble).
138. arû(m) ♦ “to vomit” O/jB G (pres. i’arru) [BURU
8
(=HAL] Gtn iter. of G Š med. “make vomit” “with feather
qus
arĝa
I to vomit; qusarıŋ keliw nausea; qusarıŋı keltirgen loathsome
qutuq I (-ĝu) 1) obsolete draw-well 2) obsolete mortar (vessel); baş (or sab) pestle; stamper 3)
money-box 4) pumpkin
quy
arĝa
1) to pour; suw quy pour water; caŋŋur quyadı the rain pours; 2) techn. smelt (metal);
quyĝuç 1) scoop; dustpan; un scoop; dustpan for a flour;
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quymaq (-ĝı) fried eggs, omelette
quymuç anat. coccyx; pelvic bone
quyruq (-ĝu) tail; fat-tail; seat, back ;
quyulma: suw rare waterfall
quyuw draw-well; teren deep draw-well;
These words go back to *kuŧ. We already know that kudruk (tail) existed in Turkic and these are all
from something pouring out, or issuing forth. It just happens that Turkic retains the u-grade words unless the
original had a diphthong e.g. –awu-.
139. arû ☻ “hungry” jB lex.
See aç, iç, etc.
140. arû ☺ erû “to cut off” Bab. G (u/u?) NB “prune, lop” date palm D (urrû(m), j/NB murrû) 1. OB of goddess
“sever” (the umbilical cord)? Of king 2. JB of meteor “cut short, stop” luminous disply 3. JB of enemy, flood “ruin”
harvest 4. NB G Dt pass. of D 4; → urrû ♣ urû ♥ muwarrītum; tārītu ♥
arû → also erru ♥ 2; erû ♣ - ♦ ; warûm ♥
See the words having to do with cutting, breaking, etc. e.g. kes, kıđ, kayçı, kır, *karu> aru
141. aru ♣ māru “fish spawn” jB lex.; ← arû ♠
ırĝaq (- ĝı) fishhook;
ırxı flow, brook, stream, jet; 2) balk. flood; ırxız spawn; at
arĝa
( or sal
ırĝa
) to spawn.
See arıq, arık etc.
142. āru(m) ♥ “warrior” jB lex.; → ayyaru ♥; âru → wârum
qır
ırĝa
1) to destroy, to exterminate, to kill, exhaust; açdan to starve out; atıb to shoot down 2) to
break; 3) to scrape; to clean; 4) rare to cross out; bu tizginni qır cross out this line
qırq
arĝa
1) to cut; 2) to break; 3) to beat, whip, flog, lash; 4) karach. to have a bite
ur
urĝa
to beat, to strike; urub sındır
ırĝa
to hit and break;
uruş 1) fight; axır last fight; 2) figurative scandal, quarrel
ur ' to put, to strike' [Clauson72:194];
These words are also related to others given above e.g. stone words for breaking, smashing, cutting,
scraping, slicing, etc. Hittite has kuer (to kill).
143. arurtu, jB also aruštu “famine, hunger” O/jB of land, of individuals; ←arāru ♥
Again this word is related to aç, iç, aş, aşa, etc. Some of these words are no doubt related to words such
as eku (to drink, Hittite).
144. arūru “outlet of a canal” jB; arūrūtu → yarūrūtu; aruštu → arurtu; waršum; arūšu → amuššu; arutħu →
urutħu
It is difficult to judge here whether the word is related to “outside”, tış, “overflow” taş, Hitite tarna, or
has to do with cleaning, water etc, e.g. arıt, arık etc. Of course, the morphology here is not identical to
some of the others e.g. –Vm or –Vw as in some of the others.
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145. asakku(m) ♥ “taboo” OA, O/jB [AZAG(=KU.AN)] esp. a. akālu “to break a taboo”; (s.t. reserved for a god or
king); M/jB bīt a. “forbidden building, sanctum”; ←Sum.;→asakkiš
Turkish yasak forbidden.
taxsa secret; ber
irg
e a) to give out secrets; b) to spy; beriw espionage;
taşay
ırĝa
to disappear;
tas II 1) lost, disappeared; stray; missing, wasted;
taşa 1. 1) secret; 2) latent, secluded place; hiding place; 2. confidential, private
caşır
ırĝa
1) to hide something, to conceal; caşırmay ayt speak frankly
yaşut- lit. ‘hiding oneself’ [Clauson72: 977] ; yaşur- - ‘to hide (something Acc.)’ and the like. [Clauson72: 979];
yaşurukī- ‘secret, private’ [Clauson72: 980]
The word taşa is related to Turkish taşra (out of the way place, rural area), also to tas (to be lost, to
disappear from eyes). It is also likely related to asıra (to hide), perhaps to Arabic esrar. The words again
are a good example of the kinds of change Turkic languages have gone through. Finally, the word taşaq
(anat. (small) egg , testicle) seems to fit into the bill of being ‘taboo’ and ‘hidden’.
146. asarum (a class of person) Mari; asāru → esēru ♥; asatum → asu ♥
asīru(m) ♣ pl. asīrū “captive, prisoner of war” O/MB, MB (Alal.), Am., UG.; as PN, also MA; OB bīt a. “prison”; ←
esēru ♥; → asirtu; asīrūtu
cesir 1) captive, prisoner; et
erge
to take in captivity
as, sable, female slave [Decsy98:39]. See qarawaş
The word Turkish esir (Karachay-Balkar cesir) is said to be from Arabic however, since es means
‘mind’ (Chuvash as) it could be that the word for slave was someone “who lacked mind/will”.
147, asīdu “heel” jB of human, also du.; “heel of shoe; astr. ‘heel’ (lowest part) of constellation
It would seem that the original form would have had aksiŧu>akilu (Achilles), and aksiŧu>asīdu in which
case it is almost a perfect example of a match e.g. aksadı. Many words of this type occur in Turkic showing
a change of lexical class e.g. noun > reflexive verb, etc.
148. asisû ( a word for copper) jB lex.
altan means ‘copper’ [Clauson72:130];
cez brass, yellow copper; taz copper basin;
In other Turkic dialects the word is yez. In most Turkic altın is ‘gold’. The root might go back to ‘red’
as in Turkish al < *aŧ/*ađ.
149. assukku “sling-stone” Susa, jB
aşıq I (-ĝı) 1) knucklebone; oyun to play at knucklebones
aşuk 'the ankle joint' [Clauson72:257]
aşıq II (-ĝı) stone;
Very strange to find t>0 i.e. see taş unless the root was something like *ŧaŧul (see elsewhere). This
would also allow words such as lith-, Korean tol, Etruscan tul(ar), KBal çawul and Chuvash çul.
150. aşappu “pack animal” NA
taşıptı=taşıppı
See taşı
rĝa
.
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151. aşudu; pl. f. ( a dish of food) NA; ←Aram.?;→ kallaşudi
aşatıw gerund aşat
ırĝa
aşat
ırĝa
causative of aşa
rĝa
152. ašarēdūtu “pre-eminence” O/jB, NA [Š AG.KAL-] a. alāku “to take first place”; ← ašarēdu
For alaku see al
ırĝa
(to take), al (front).
asırı too, very much; azdı too few, too little; köb too much; küçlü extremely strong
aş, to transgress [Decsy98:39].
oz
arĝa
1) to overtake; to outstrip; erişiwde to outstrip (to win) competition; alĝa to pass
forward; canlab to bypass; to go round; ozub barĝan the passer-by; bolcal ozdu deadline has
passed; zaman ozdu time has passed; to get, to have; sözge outdo in eloquence
ōz basically ‘to outstrip’ hence ‘to escape (from something)’; to surpass (someone) [Clauson72:278]
See ös, ör, etc.
153. ašariš, jB also ašriš “there, thither” O/jB; OB ištu a. “from there”; ← ašru ♥
ašaršani, ašaršana, ašaršani/umma, MB also ataršani “elsewhere, to another place” Bab., OA; ← ašru ♥ + šanû
arĝı 1. pronoun indic. That one (distant); 2. another; turnaround; 3. further, the rest; mındansı
further, continuation; arĝısı that, distant; that of them, distant of them;
arı 1. 1) to there; the other; andan from that place to there; beri hither tither; alay in that
direction; 2. particles; qara look there; arı-beri. there and here;
154. ašbu (a tree or shrub) jB; ašbu → also waašbum; ašbutu → ašubbatu
See ös
erge
, örle
rge
, ör, etc.
155. ašgagu, ašgugu “flight” M/jB
See qaç
arĝa
.
qaçxınçı 1) fugitive, runaway, refugee 2) milit. deserter
qaçxınçılıq (-ĝı) abstr. to qaçxınçı 1) rule(situation) fluent 2) flight
156. āšiptu “sorceress, female magician” jB of witch, goddess; ← wāšipum
See almastı, alpastı, etc.
157. ašītu ♦ ~ “midday” jB lex.
See also öserge.
öt
erge
1) to pass; to penetrate; oq qaŋŋadan ötdü the bullet has passed through the board; cuq
ötmegen impenetrable; cılla ötedile the years pass; adam ötalmazlıq batmaq impassable
quicksand/mud; tayaq tübünden ethn. to give an oath, pass under a stick; moskvadan ötdük
we have passed [through] moscow; köpürden (or köpür bla) to proceed(pass) through the
bridge; 2) to be angry; anı eşitgenimde aman ötgen edi when I heard about it, I got very angry;
burnuna ötüb qaliwçu quick-tempered; explosive 3) to work, to influence, to penetrate
(figurative); ötmegen söz not effective (unpersuasive) words; anca söz ötmeydi words don’t work
on him/her; ol sözle mıyıma ötdüle these words have penetrated my consciousness [brain];
ür a long time, a period extending far into the past' [Clauson72:193];
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ert 'to pass' [Clauson72:202]; erte: 'the early morning' [Clauson72:202]. The connection of fire to the sun, and
the sun to time passing is what brings these words together. See also buruŋ, ör, ömür.
Around the time of Hittites the words ar/arma already denote height. The word for moon is also something like
ar/arma. These words are not Hittite but belong to some of the languages of Anatolia. IEanists have already
decided (at least some of them) that Anatolian is IE as is usual. As we go on we see that ör in Turkish is
'height'. But ös is 'to grow high'. Notice that what might have happened is r > s either on the way to r > s > z or
as a separate process. Now there is evidence that some /đ/ sounds in Turkic became z and others r, and still
others became d. For example see çıda/töz. Some that were d became t (strangely). So what we see is that
öđ (öđ) (more likely ađ) might have been the original and gave rise to ar/arma, ör, ös, etc. The connection
with height and sun etc is obvious especially in light of evidence (Hittite) that ar/arma already had to do with
height/moon, there is nothing unnatural about any of this. What is strange is why Turkic still had the most
archaic version of all of these with the exception of the a > ö. But more information on the topic will help:
Turkic öđ, time; Uigur ödü, time; Chagatai öt, time; Hungarian idö, ó, time (archaic üdö); Sumerian utu, sun
god; Dravidian utu, time,turn; Scythian oit, sun (god) /Herodotus "oitsyrus". The Sumerian ud/utu is also
likely the word that shows up in Turkic ot (fire), üt (to singe).
158. aškuttu(m), askuttu [(GIŠ .) AŠ KUD(=A.Š UH)] Bab. 1. “locking bar” for barring a door; om., math. “wedge-
shape” 2. (an earth structure in fields and houses); ←Sum.
açxıç 1. liter., figurative key, picklock; master-key 2. key
aç
arĝa
1) to open; eşikni to open the door; kiritni unlock the lock; 2) to open, to found, to
establish; muzey open a museum; 3) figurative to find out, to reveal, to expose; amanlıqnı t
reveal a crime; kölüŋdegin to entrust secret, to open your soul; kölnü allın to annoy, to anger;
Chuvash uś to open [Krueger61:237]; Turkish aç, to open.
It is also possible that the word is a compound e.g. ach-kir (open-enter).
159. ašlaktum “washerwoman” OAkk (presumed rdg. Of [MUNUŠ .LU.AZLAG]); ←ašlāku
Turkish ıslak wet; Turkish ıslat to make wet, to wet; Turkish ıslan to become wet;
Turkish ıslatıcı that which wets.
160. ašlukku “storeroom” jB
aşlıq (-ĝı) 1. 1) karach. grain, bread; suwur
urĝa
to winnow grain; 2) balk. barley 3) feed; tawuq
chicken feed; 4) abstr. to aş; 2. grain; baş an ear; üy barn; gürbe grain bin
161. ašratu “heaven” jB; ← ašru ♦ ; ašrātu → ešertu ♣
See ös
erge
, e.g. *ösretüw < *örgetüw
162. aššaru “expert” jB, epith. of ţēmu; ← ašāru; aššatta/i → šatti
See also es (mind), Chuvash as (id.)
usta 1. 1) expert; 2) doctor, medico, physician (more often about bone-setter); qatın sorceress, wise
woman; quark; süyek bone-setter; 2. skilful; suw virtuoso, masterly, fluent;
ışıl 'to become expert (at doing something)' Clauson72:260]; obviously related to us, es, usdu, uslu, etc
usdu habitual, obstinate, wilful; unbalanced; whimsical;
The word is related to us, es, uslu, usta, etc. and seems to be left over from d-Bolgaric.
Turkish usul method, way
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163. aššišu in lā a. “unruly, disordered”? jB lex.; ←ašāšu ♦ ?
şaş
arĝa
1) go mad, go off one's head 2) go balmy, go off one's; aqılıŋdan a) to take leave of
mind/senses; 3) to be depressed; to reach in indignation
Chuvash sasartăk suddenly [Krueger61:228]; Turkish şaşır, to get confused.
See şaşıw, şaşxan, şaşxın.
şaşxınlaşıw action name to şaşxınlaş
ırĝa
insanity
şaşıw action name to şaş
arĝa
164. aštikittišu (desig. of a horse) Nuzi; ←Hurr.?; aštipīrum → aštapīru
atānu(m) f. “she-ass” OAkk, Bab., M/NA [M/NB ēMē, ēMē
6
; (ANŠE.) EME
5
; Mari also EME
5
.ANşE]; MB, Nuzi also
“mare”; jB lex. a. nāri ( a water fowl); → bişşūru
Possibly *ast=at. If so, then there is the possibility of asp=ast.
alaşa low; boylu, short; cer lowland; keŋ stocky; terekle dwarf trees; 2) a kind of horse
at 1 horse ; gelding;
Chuvash ut horse [Krueger61:237]; Turkish at, horse.
165.ašû ♥ ~ “living creatures” O/jB
Turkish yaşa to live
caşa
rĝa
1) to live, to exist; qartlıqĝa to live up to old age; erkinlik obsolete residence permit; 2)
to be found; to live;
caşaw 1. 1) action name to caşa
rĝa
existence, being; subsistence 2) life; 3) figurative prosperity; an
abundance; 2. vital;
caşawçu living (where - l).; suwda living in water
166. ašû(m) ♠ ~ “distinguished, noble” OA, jB ašû → also ašium; ešû ♣ . ♠; ħašû ♦ ; ušû; wašā’um
asıl 1) present; precious, noble, pure(clean); 2) obsolete well-born, high-born; noble ; tuqum noble;
asılsız 1) obsolete plain clan (family) 2) ill-bred; immoral; atxa minse, atasın tanımaz proverb if
the ill-bred becomes successful (i.e get a horse), he will not acknowledge his father
asıw 1 1) help, support, help; advantage(benefit); 2) advantage, honour
asıwlu suitable, good; mal good (well breed ) cattle; zat suitable thing
167. ašû ~ “to retch” G (pres. i’ âš) Gtn (ītanâš) iter. jB; ašuātu → ašutu
See qus
arĝa
, qusuw (arum). Both ‘to vomit’ and ‘to pour’ likely go back to *quŧ-
168. ašubbattu, ašbutu “woman, wife” jB lex.; ašubu → yašibum
Turkish eş 2. one of a pair, mate, fellow. 2.husband, wife. 3. a similar thing, a thing that matches another, a match
Sumerian siş,şiş,şes ‘palace lady’ (D. 132) vs Turkic işi ‘princes, lady’ (EUSz, 99), eşi (ETY., I, 24); eş
id.DTL, I, 47) [Tuna90].
169. ašūħu(m) “pine-tree” Bab., NA [GIŠ .U.Š UH
5
] as timber; zēr a. “pine kernel”
Sumerian giş ‘wood , tree (GRD. 360) vs Turkic yış ‘orman, dağ, ağaç, çalı’ (EHG. 436)[Tuna90].
terek (-gi) tree; busaq (or tal) poplar; naz fir, silver fir, abies; narat pine(-tree); nızı f-
tree; emen oak; erik plum-tree; eşek thistle;
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There are very few Turkic words that begin with n. They are almost all of the
who/what/when/how/where kind. Prototurkic allegedly did have words beginning with /n/, or /n
y
/.
Karachay-Balkar possesses the word nakut for yakut, and nalmaz for almas, thus it could be true.
nalmaz diamond; naqut- a) jewelry, b) of pearls
naqut brilliant diamond; qızıl ruby, sapphire
almas diamond
Turkish elmas diamond; Turkish yakut ruby (allegedly Arabic)
Therefore the cognate of ašūħu(m) may very well be naz or nızı. Words for forest (yış) may also
be related, e.g. via n
y
-. But Sumerian has an ‘exotic’ sound; ģ whose description is;
By most scholars this phoneme is described as a velar nasal (so for instance J. Krecher,
1967a p. 87 ‘velarer Nasal mit Lippenrundung’; Th. Jakobson, 1957 p. 92 n.1 ‘nasalized labio-
velar, approximately ĉ
w
’) but cf. M. Civil, 1973b p.31: ‘several phonetic solutions are likewise
possible: /ŋ/, /ŋm/, etc. [Thomsen 2001:44]
Another take on the topic is provided below;
The precise phonetic value of the consonant here called velar nasal is not sure. Its existence
is inferred by varying spellings in Sumerian and Akkadian, which may show up as m, n, g, or
ng. For example, saģa, ‘a kind of priest’, appears in Akkadian as šangû, ġuruš, “strong-man”,
appears in an Eblaite lexical text written nu-ri
2
-šum
2
. It is thus clear that Sumerian possessed a
sound distinct from /m/, /n/, and /g/, but it is not easy to determine its exact value. Alternative
interpretations of this phoneme are a palatal nasal, or a complex phoneme, such as a labialized
velar nasal /ŋ
w
/.
Transliterations of this phoneme vary. [Different sign used here HMH] ģ is commonly used
today, partially to avoid a precise specification of the phonetic value of this consonant; ģ
merely symbolizes “a consonant related to /m/, /n/, and /g/, but of unsure phonetic value”…In
the case of many words, it is not known whether the word contains the phoneme /ŋ/, /g/, /m/, or
/n/. [Hayes2000:25]
This goes a long way toward explaining the liquid-nasal confusion that can be found across
language families. It also explains the Turkic –ge “venerable old Turkish suffix” (Clauson) which was
likely –ng (ŋ). Furthermore, it explains some of the common Turkic noun endings e.g. –Vm, -Vr, -Vl,
but mostly –Vg/-Vk and –Vn since we have –ng>n and –ng>g/k.
It is interesting that g and y sometimes alternate in Turkish e.g. gine/yine (again). Therefore if the
sound was of a more complex nature e.g. -ng
y
- (ŋ
y
) it would also explain the -gy- Turkic loanwords
found in Hungarian.
This also neatly solves another problem, the root of the root *ya- from which Turkic yan/yak and a
whole host of words such as star (yıldız, yulduz), light (yarug), etc are derived. It is also likely that this word
is at the root of IE (y)agni, Hittite laluki (light) etc. The word shows up in Akkadiann as nurum (Arabic
nur=light), and now we have the closest thing to the root n
y
a-, or n
y
u-. If the protoform was -ng
y
- (ŋ
y
) then
we would have had to have ng
y
(ŋ
y
) > n
y
. Liquid-nasal confusion must then account for the Hittite case. This
liquid-nasal confusion is endemic to IE, Semitic, Turkic since one can even find Akkadian m= Turkic r. [For
more examples see Hubey, Hittite and ProtoTurkic, to be published].
Similarly the word narzan (KBal narsana) could be PTurkic since without the initial /n/, it would
be arzan and this is very close to many water words in Turkic such as arık, arıt, aruwla, aral, eri,
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etc. This also means that the hydronyms such as Aras (Araxes), Aral Lake, River Argun, Orxun, etc.
must be claimed tentatively to be from prototurkic.
170. atappu(m) NA adappu f.; pl. f. & m. “(small) canal, ditch” Bab., NA [PA
5
; OB math. PA
5
.ŠIG]; → atappiš
*kaŧappu> *kađappu> *kazıppu/*kazıptu
See aripše (qaz
arĝa
).
171. atħusu, itħusu “carrying –pole” (for fruit)? NA
taşıwçu the carrier, the carrying thing
See taşı
rĝa
to carry, to transfer, to transport, to move
See also the derivation of taş < *taŧul.
172. atnu (or adnu) “prayer” jB
ant oath, vow;
antçı: frequent oath taker, swearer; ötürükçü bolur frequent swearers are liars
ant-qarĝış oath-damnation; et
erge
to swear
ant-qıral same as ant-qarĝış
ant-toba an oath; et
erge
to swear
This word might be related to ayt, ayıtım = Akk. AWATUM etc. See Decsy for ay (to say).
173. atteru “companion” Am.(ēg.); ← Hurr.; → atterūtu
xater favor; respect; service; meni imi kör do me a favor; not in a service, and in friendship;
et
erge
to render service; qart in et
erge
to respect his(its) old age
xaterçi kind, obliging [the man]
xaterli valid; kind, obliging; adam the obliging man
xatersiz 1) bad; ruthless, heartless 2) greedy; adam a) bad man; b) the greedy man;
174. atû(m) ♥ atu’u, OB, Alal., Nuzi, Ug. utû(m) “gatekeeper, porter” Bab., M/NA [LU.NI.DU
8
,NB wr. .GAB] NB as
family name; ←Sum.; →atūtu ♥ atûtu; → sukkal-atû; atû → also edû ♣; watûm
*katu=kapu
See Turkish kapı door; Turkish kapa to close
175. awātu(m), later Bab. (also occas. OB) amātu, M/NA, also Ug. abutu, gen. abiti; pl. awâtum, amâtu, abate
“word; matter” [INIM] 1. “word a. qabû, a. dabābu, poet. a. zakāru “to speak (a word), talk”; a. şabātum “to seize the
word, OA, OB; OA a.qabûm “to state (o.’s last) will” MA a. šakānu “to declare, make a statement”;of deity, kind “order,
command”; “wording” of tablet; a. libbim “thought” 2. “legal case, lawsuit”; MA a.amāru “to settle a case”; a. gamrat “the
case is completed”; bēl awātim/amāti → bēlu 5 3. “matter, affair”, often pl.; a.amāru “to investigae a matter”; a. napištim
“matter of life”; ul/lā awassu etc. “it is not his b usiness, he has not the right to” etc.; ←awûm; → lâmātu
awûm “to speak” G (pret. īwu; stat. and 2 pers. sg. imper. awu) OA only Gtn iter. OA Gt (atwûm, later atmû)
“speak” OA; O/jB (lit)”discuss”; īšti/itti X a. “negotiate with X”; ana X a.”tell X, speak to X”; OA “order (to do s.th.); jB itti
libbīya (etc.) a. “think about” s.th. Št 1. O/jB, MA “reflect on s.th., depbate with o.s.”, also itti/ina libbi š. 2. stat., in j/NB
comm.., of words “are used, considered”; →āmānû; atwûm; awātu; mūtawûm; muštāmû; tāwītum
aytım 1) gram. sentence; lanı türlüleri kinds of sentences; baylamlı qoş ctence with
attached conditions; baş main sentence; başçılı p sentence; başçısız impersonal
sentence; boysuŋŋan
subordinate/dependent sentence; boysuŋŋan başçı
~
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subordinate/dependent clause - subject; költürtüwçü eatory sentence; kiriş i
sentence; qoş cplex sentence; soruwlu interrogative sentence; teŋ caraşxan qoş cplex
sentence; tolĝan the complete sentence; eki qurawlu compound sentence 2) phrase;
expression; suratlaĝan figurative expression
aytırça significant, appreciable
ayt
ırĝa
to speak to tell; unamazĝa to refuse to speak, to refuse to tell; aytmay qoyarĝa to hold back;
to ignore, to bypass in silence; burdurub to hint, to make hints; qısxaça in short, to cut a long
story short; tüzün (or kertisin) to tell the truth; cır to sing a song; tawrux to tell a fairy tale;
xapar to tell, to inform; qısxası bla to state in brief; keleçilik to woo, ask/seek in marriage
for someone else, i.e. a go-between; sögüb to characterize negatively; süymekligiŋi to express
love; tab to speak with wit; tersligiŋi to recognize your errors; ülgüle keltirib to give
examples;
ay 'to speak' [Clauson72:264]; Chuvash ıyt to ask, inquire [Krueger61:220]; Turkish öğüt (to give advice),
and eğit (to teach) ögül- f. of 1 -; ög ‘to be praised’ [Clauson72:104]; ayıt 'enquiry'; 'statement'
[Clauson72:267]; ayıt , ayt 'to make (someone) speak' that is 'to ask' [Clauson72:268];
ay, to say, speech [Decsy98:39];
176. ayyabāš “let me not be put to shame” jB (desig. Of shoe-button)?; ←bâšu ♣ .
See ayıb, uyal, utan (words having to do with ‘shame’).
177. ayyaka(m), yaka Ass. 1. “where?” as interrog. Pron.; NA issu ayyak(a) 1. “whence?” 2. OA “somewhere” 3. in
rel. clause “where” 4. NA “how?”; ←ayyu + -kâm (→ GAG 113b);→ayyakamēni
ayyāmi “where?: Am.
ayyāniš “whither, where?:” Bogh. Lex.; ← ayyānu + -iš
ayyānu (m), yānu(m), jB also ayyinna, ayyāna, lex. Also ya’nu “where?: O/jB; “whence?” OA; for later usage in
negation → yānu; ← ayyu + -anum; → ayyāniš, ayyānumma; yānummiš
ayyānumma “anywhere” M/jB; ←ayyānum + -ma
qayarı karach. 1. enc.(ac.) everyone; carawsuz zatnı alasa da aylanasa are carried with any
unnecessary things; bolmaĝan zat all sorts/kinds of things/stuff, odds and ends; cıyımdıq
everyone, rabble; 2. adv. in what direction, to where?
qayda 1. where; dı? where is it?; edi? where was it?;
qaydaĝı everyone
qaydam doubtfully, it is not known;
qaydan 1) whence; from where; ese da wherever []it] is from;
qayrı to where; barasa where are you going?; ese da somewhere; bolsa da somewhere;
qaysı pronoun will define(determine)., interrog. which one, with what; da everyone, anyone,
everyone, all; sı? which of them?
Chuvash χăšě which, certain [Krueger61:239]; Turkish hangisi, which one.
178. ayyalu(m) Ass. ya(‘a)lu ‘stag, deer’ ..
kiyik (-gi) 1. 1) wild; eçki a chamois 2) figurative unrestrained, wild; barbarous; 2. animals; game;
çeget forest animal
Chuvash kayăk wild animal, wild bird, bird, game [Krueger61:221]
Turkish geyik deer
179. ayyāşu, yāşu (a small mammal, phps) “weasel” Bab.; also “(skin of) weasel?” used as container for oil; OB
also PN; ayyâši → yâšim; ayyaštu → ayyartu; ayyātu → ayyu
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ayü karach. a bear; ayaq bear's paw; çaç bot. feather grass, prangos
Turkish ayı bear.
180. ayya’utu “function of the goddess Ayya” jB; ← Ayya (wife of šamaš) abstr.
ay II 1. 1) month; 2) moon;
The moon is obviously the consort of the sun (šamaš). See elsewhere for ay.
181. azû ♥ (a craftman)? Nuzi
See es, uslu, usul, etc.
Turkish us archaic 1. mind, intelligence, wisdom; right state of mind; discretion 2. good behavior
Turkish uslu 1. well-behaved, good (child); sensible 2. quiet (horse)
Turkish usta 1. master (of a trade or craft); master workman 2. craftsman; foreman; overseer. 2. skilled; clever,
experienced
These words are related to KBal es (mind), Chuvash as (id.)
182. azzatu f. ←Hurr. Pl. also azzatena “she-goat” Nuzi; → ħazzatum
Turkish keçi goat
Conclusions and comments are left for version 2. They are almost obvious for any serious historical
linguist who has some idea of the history of the ancient mideast. Of course, this does not necessarily
refer to those who have studied only the conventional (usually closed-minded, often simply incompetent
and in some cases bordering on narcissistic) wisdom on the topic.
Most of the sound changes are obvious. In some cases, I have given hints. In other cases they still need
to be clarified slightly. However, one should bear in mind that there is a time lag of about 3,000 to 4,000
years. Akkadian itself went through changes during this time period, and some of the words are from
other languages e.g. Sumerian, and Hurrian. To get a good grasp of what this means one can try
something like comparing 20
th
century Irish to Sanskrit.