Iranian / Turkic / Mongolic
Phonological and Grammatical
Correspondences
Version
2.1
(Published 2009, minor corrections 03/2012)
|
Below
you can find the lists of potential cognates in basic vocabulary
in Iranic,
Turkic, and Mongolic. It would probably be mistaken to jump to
conclusions trying
to find any explanations, so this material is provided for consideration
only.
Nevertheless, the most likely explanation is a deep Nostratic
relationship among
the three families.
Moreover,
note that the hypothesis of Iranic and Turkic relatedness has been
corroborated
by the Y-chromosome haplogroup genealogical studies.
|
Only the basic vocabulary items with high semantic stability have
been used
in this study.
|
| |
IRANIAN
|
TURKIC
| MONGOLIC |
|
English
|
Avestan,
Persian, Khotanese, Ossetic, Shugni (Rushani), Sarikoli, Yazgulami,
Ishkashimi,
Zebaki, Munji, Yidga, Sanglechi, Wakhi, etc
|
Chuvash,
Yakut (Sakha), Tuvan, Khakas, Kyrghyz, Tatar, Yughur (China), Old
Turkic,
etc
| Middle
Mongolian, Khalkha (=Modern Mongolian), Dongxian, Dagur, Bonan,
Monguor,
etc |
| | | | |
| |
m-
|
P-,
B-, m- (allophonic variations)
Probably, ma- > ma-;
me-,
mä-,
mê-, mu- > P-/B-
|
b-,
m-
|
| I,
me | Av.
mana (Gen.), Pers. man (Nom.), Oss. mæn (Gen),
W. ma (obl.) Ish. mun "my", Yidga man
(obl.), Sar. mu (obl.)
< *mana | Ch.
e-bê, Yak. min, Tuv. men, Tat. min, OT. ben
<*Pen, *men | MM.
bi; mino (Gen.), Khal. bi, miniy (Gen.), Dong. bi, mini
(Gen),
Dagur bi:, mini: (Gen), Bon. be, mene,
<*bi, *mini |
| not | Av.
mo:, Old Persian ma, Pers. ma-, Kurd. me-, Pashto
ma-, Oss. ma-, Shug. ma:, Wakhi ma < *ma | Ch.
-ma, Yak. -ma/-pa/-ba, Tuv. -ma, OT. -mV <
*-Pa-,
*-ma- (in verbs) | Khal.
bü: |
this;
here | Av.
aêm, Zb. am, Ish. am, Munjima "this"
<*am
Oss. mænæ, Pers. mana, Khotan. mara,
Beluchi ameni ("here it is" in all) < *(a)mana | Yak.
bu, Tuv. bo, Khak. pu, Altai bul, Kyrgyz bul,
OT. bu "this" < *Bu, *bu;
Yakut manna <
*manda "here", Tuvan mïnda, Altai mïnda, Khakas mïnda,
Tatar monda, Uz., mäna, Kyrg mïna, mïnda,
Uygh. muna < *mana "here it is"; *mïnda "here" | MM.
mun, Khal. mön, Mogol môna "he, the same person
" <*muna |
| brain | Av.
mazga, Pers. maGz, Khotan. majsaa, Pashto
maGzê,
Shugn. maGz, Yagn. maGz, Oss. maGz < *mazga
| Chuv.
mimê, Yak. meyi:, Tuv. me, Khak. mi:, Yugur
pol, Kirghiz me:, Tat. mi, OT meyi, meNi, Karakhanid
meNi, Turkmen meyni, beyni, Turkish beyin <*meNê
<
*mengê [N = nasal n] | MM.
maNlai, man, Khal. magnai,
Dong. manlêu, Dagur
mangil, Monguor manlei
<*maN-lai |
(some
sort of)
water | Oss.
mal "deep water" < *mar (akin to west. IE *mare "sea")
| Chuv.
su'-mâr, Yak. sa-mïr, Khak.
naN-mïr, Yugur yag-mïr, Kirghiz me:, Tat. mi,
OT yaG-mur < *SaG-mïr, *-mâr
"rain" (falling water) | MM.
muren, Khal. mörön,
Dong. moren, Dagur mure,
mur, Monguor muroN ("river" in all)
< *mur-en |
| ant | Av.
maori:-, Pers. murcha, Kurd. murï, Zazaki mo:ryilâ,
Khotan. marnya,:na, murnyakä, Oss. mælzhêg,
Pashto me:rzha, Shugn. murzhak, Ish. morchêk, Sg.
ma:rchi:k, W. mi:r-pri:ch < *mari-chak | OT
chümeli, Karakhanid chümeli, Uzbek chumôli,
Uyghur chümälä, Altai chumalï < *chü-malï
< *malï-chü (metathetic) (preserved mostly in the
post-Orkhon
branch) | |
| fish | Av.
masyô, Zazaki mo:se:, Pers. mâhi, Kurd. masi,
Yg. mohi, Pashto mahi:, mahay < *masya | Ch.
pulâ < *pâlâ (labialized?), Yak. balïk,
Tuv. balïk, Khak. palïx <*Palï-q, *Pâlâ-q | Possibly
"meat", cf. MM miqan, Khal.
max <*mêxa-n |
| nose | Oss.
bêrên-k"; Pers. bini,
W. mis | Yak.
murun, Tuv. murnu, Khak. purun, Kyrg. murun, OT.
burun
<*Pur-un | – |
| we | Av.
ahmâi, Pers. mâ, Ormuri max, Yagn. max,
Oss. max, Sh. ma:sh, Sar. mash, Yz. mox, Pashto
muzh; <*-max < *-mas
| Ch.
e-bêr < *bes, Yak. bih-igi, Tuv. bis, SYugh mïs,
Kyrg. biz, OT. biz
<*PêR, PiR | MM.
bida, Khal. bid, Bon. bêdê,
Dong. bizhiên,
Dagur bed <*bidê |
| fog,
mist, steam | Av.
maega "cloud", Oss. mi:g" "cloud, fog", W.
me:G; Yid. miG; Munji me:g "cloud", Pers. meG
"fog; cloud" < *mega, meg- | Chuvash
pâs,
Altai bu:,
Kyrghyz
bu:, Tatar bu:, Uzbek, Uyghur buG, Karakhanid bu,
Turkmen bu:G, Turkish buGu ("steam, fog" in all) < *PuG | MM.
buG
"steam"
< *buG |
| cloud | | Ch.
pêlêt, Yak. bïlït, Tuv. bulut, SYug. pïlït,
Kirg. bulut <*Pïlït | MM.
budan, Khalk. budan, Bon. budan ("fog" in all) <*bud-an |
| honey | Av.
maðu, Khotan. mau "honey, wine", Pers. mai
"wine", Oss. mud, mêd "honey" < *madu,
mad- | Chuv.
pïl, Khak. pal, Kirghiz bal, Uzbek bôl,
Tat. bal, Karakhanid bal, Turkish bal < *Pal | |
| mother | Av.
ma:tar, Khotan. ma:ta, Pers. ma:dar, Oss.
mad(æ),
Shugn. ma:d, Pashto mo:r
< *ma:tar | Chuv.
amâshê "his, their mother", Yak. ebe:
"Grandmother", Tuv. ava, Tofa aba, Tatar. apa,
Altai abune, Kyrghyz apa, OT apa "mother,
Grandmother,
elder sister" <*aBa<*amachê | Written
Mong. ebei, Kalmyk ewê, Dagur ewe: ("mother"
in all);
MM. eme, Khal. em xün (=mother person), Dag.
êm-guN, Dong. êmê ("woman" in all) <*eBe,
*eme |
| neck | Oss.
bærzæyz | Ch.
mây, Yak. moy, Tuv. moyun, OT. boyun, Kyrg.
moyun < *Poy-un, may- | Khal.
bagal-zhu:r, baxl-ur, Kalmyk baGêl-zhu:r,
("throat"
in all) <*baGal |
| | | | |
| |
b-
|
p/b-
(desonorization
or no change)
|
b-
|
| rain;
storm | Pers.
bârân, Munji boron, Ish. boron,
Sh. baran,
W. vûr ("rain" in all) <*boron | Yak.
burGa, Kyrg, boro:n, Chagatai buraGan "storm, flood",
Uyghur boran, Tat. buran, Gagauz boran ("storm"
in all) < *bur-Gan, bur-on | MM.
boro'an, Khal. boro:(n), Mogol bôrôn "shower, heavy
rain"
< *boRon |
| be | Av.
bû-, Pers. bu- < *bu | Chuv.
pol-, Yak. buol-, Khak. pol-, Yugur pol,
Kirghiz bol-,
Tat. bul-, OT bol-, Turkish bul- 'be, become' <*bol | MM.
bol-, Khal. bol-,
Buriat bolo-,
Dag. bol-,
Mogol bolu
< *bol- |
| take | Av.
bara- "carry, bring", Old Pers. bara- Pers. bor-
"take,
carry", Yg. varak, vurak< *bara- | Ch.
par-, Yak. bier-, Tuv. ber-, OT. ber; SYugh
per- ("give"
in all) < *bar-, ber- | MM.
bari-, Khal. bari-, Buriat bari-, Dong. bari-,
Dag. bari-,
Bon. va:r(ê)
< *baRi- |
| leaf | Pers.
bärg, Pashto pan.a, Yidga panuk, Munji baarg, Ish.
barg, W. palc, Sh. parg, Sar. pork <*barg
| Ch.
s'ôl-zhâ, Yak. se-bird-eq, Tofa bür/pür, Tuv.
bürü/pürü, Khak. pür, Kyrg. zhal-bïr-aq,
OT ya-purG-aq < *Sal-bïrG-aq | MM.
na-bch-in, Khal. na-vch,
Dong. la-ch-ïn, ShiraYug la-bzh-êg,
Monguor la-bshzh-i
Dag. bari-, Bon. la-bch-ïng
< *La-bch-ïn < **haL-bzh-in (?) |
| snow,
ice | Khotan.
baurä, Zaz. vore, Pashto vavra, Ish. varf, Sg.
varf; Mj. varfa; Yd. werfoh; Pers. barf ("snow"
in all)
<*baura "snow" | Ch.
pâr, Yak. bu:s, mu:s, Khak. pus, SYugh pïz, Kyrg.
muz, Tatar boz, Karakhanid buz ("ice" in all)
<*buR "ice" | Khal.
bur-gana,
Buriat bur-ga- "to snow"
<*BuR-
"to snow" |
| wolf | Av.
verkha, Oss. biræg", Yz. warg, Ish. urk, Yd.
wury <*verka | Ch.
pirâ, Yak. börö, Khak pü:r, Tuv. börü,
Uighur böre, Tat. büre, Kumyk börü, OT. böri;
SYugh peri
< *büre, böre, birâ | MM.
borte, Khal. belterg "young wolf"; possibly taboo; < *boRte
|
| many,
all | Av.
bêrêzo "great", Oss. biræ "all";
Pers. besyâr, basi "many", bozorg "big", Yg.
bazur "difficulty" |
Ch. pôdôm, Yak. bütün,
Kyrg büt, Tat. böten, OT. bütün ("all"
in all) < *bütün | MM.
bügde, bugude, Khal. bügd,
Buriat büxi,
Dagur bugede ("all" in all)
< *bügüde |
| | | |
|
| |
p- > f- (lenition in Ossetic)
|
0-
(historically unattested lenition of initial bilabials)
|
0-
|
| father | Av.
pitar, patar, Pers. pedar, Oss. fad, Sh. ped, Sar.
pid < *patar
| Ch.
atte, Tuv. ada, Kyrg. ata, Tat. ata, OT. ata
<*ata,
ada | MM.
echige, eche Khal. eceg, Buriat eseg, Dagur echig
<*eche-(g) |
| foot | Av.
pad, Pers. pâ, Oss. fêd, Sh. pâð,
Rsh. poð, Sar. peð, Munji pa:la, Sg. pudash
< *pad | Ch.
ora, Yak. ataq, Khak. azax, SYug. azaq, Oyrat aDaq,
Kyrg. ayaq, OT. aDak <*aða-q | |
| son | Khot.
pura, Av. pu:ßra, Old Pers. puSa, Pers. pesar,
pur, Oss. fêrt < *pêtr, W. pïtr, Yidga
puser; Sh. puc, Sar. pöc, Munji pur, W. pïtr
< *pu:ßra (cf. Sansk. putraH) | Ch.
ïvâl, Yak. uol, Tuv. o:l, Khak. oGïl,
SYug. oGul, Kyrg. u:l, OT. oGul < *ïöl, *oul,
*oïl | cf.
Khal. üeel 'cousin' |
| meat | Oss.
fêd, Ish. pudf < *ped | Ch.
ash, Yak. et, Tuv. e't, OT. et < *et | cf.
Khal. ide- 'eat' (?) |
| | | | |
| |
p-
|
p-/b-
|
|
| five | Aves.
pancha, Pers. panj, Sh. pi:ndz,
Oss. fondz, Pashto
pindz < *panch | Ch.
pill-êk, Yak. bies, Tofa beish, Khak. pes, OT
besh < *peL, *beL < *pen | – |
| | | | |
| |
d-/ð-
(lenition is evident already in East Iranian)
|
0-
(in early Prtoto-Turkic the lenition just took one step further, also
cf. Shugni
"aray", three, a word that helped to discover these correspondences)
|
h-/
0-
(in Proto-Mongolic, the initial aspiration was then
acquired )
|
| three | Av.
ßraio, Oss. ærtæ <* tæræ, Sh. aráy,
Sar. aróy, Ish. rui, roi; Zb. rai, ra; Yd.shuroi,
Mj. sherai, tsiroi, Yagh. tiray; saray <*ß(ê)rai- | Ch.
vis's'ê, Yak. üs, Tofa üish, Tuv. üsh,
Khak. üs, Kyrg. üch, OT üch > *üish(ê)
<*üR(ê) (?) | MM.
xur-ban, Gûr-ban, qor-ban, Khal. guraB, gur-ban, Dong.
guran, guron, Bon. gorang,
Mogol Gorbô:n <*huR-ban |
| two |
Aves. du:a, Pers. do, Oss. dïuwæ, Sh. ðu
(ðaw), Yaz. ðaw, Munji lu, Zazaki di, Shugn.
ðion, Ormuri dyo:, Khotan. duva
<*duwa | Ch.
ikkê, Yak. ikki, Tuv. iyi, Tofa ihi, OT. iki < *ikh(ê)<
*iw(ê) (?) | MM.
xoyar, qoyar,
Khal. xoyor,
Dag. xoyir, Bon.
Guar,
Mogol qeya:r < *ho(y)-aR |
| ten | Aves.
dasa(n), Pers. dah, Oss. dæs, Shugn. ði:s,
Khotan.
dasau < *dasam | Ch.
vunnâ, Yak. uon, OT. on
< *onn < *assm
(?) | MM.
xar-ban,
Khal. ar-van, ara-v
Dag. xara-b, Bon.
har-wang,
Mogol ar-bon <*(h)aR-ban |
| right
(hand) | Av.
dashina, Middle Pers. dashn, Oss.
dæsnê
"crafty" < *dasina | Yak.
unga, Khak ong, Yuv. ong, Kyrg. ong, OT.
ong,
< *ong < *asn (?) | MM.
enger, Khal. enger "South; front" |
| hand | Ish.
dust, Zb. dast; Sh. ðöst, öst;
S. ðust;
W. ðast; Old Pers. dasta, Pers. dast < *dasta;
cf. also *dastaka "handle, bracelet, handful", as in Yagn.
dastak "bar" | Ch.
alâ, Yak. ili:, eli:, SYug. ïlïG, OT. elig,
< *al-ïG, el-iG | MM.
(x)alaq-an, Khal. alga,
Buriat alga(n), Dag. xalêg,
Bon. halgê, Mogol alaqa ("palm" in all) <*(h)al-aq |
| door | Av.
dvara, Old Pers. duvara, Pers. dar, Yg. davar,
devar,
Pashto durwaza, war, Munji lêvar, Zeb. var, Sg.
vor, W. bar, Shug. divi, Yazg. dêvur, Oss. duar
< *duwar | Chuv.
alâq; Tuv. ezhik, Khak. izhik; Karakanid eshük;
Turkish eshik "door, door curtain"
< *aL-âq | MM.
e'uden "gate, entry"
Khal. ü:de(n),
Dag.
eude,eud, Bon. ndang,
Mogol öüdan ("door"
in all)
< *eud-en |
| far,
long | Av.
darekha "long", dûra "far away", Oss. dard,
Pers. darâz "long", W. ðir "far"; Zb.
dir "far"
< *dare-ka | Chuv.
vôrôm;
Yak. uhin:, Tuv. uzun, Khak. uzun; OT uzun
("long"
in all) < *uR-un
Yak. ïra:q:, Khak. ïraq;
Kyrg. ïra:q, OT yïra:q ("far" in all)
< *ïR-aq
| MM.
urtu, Khal. urt,
Dag. orto, Bon. fudê, Duns.
fudu
("long" in all)< *(h)uRt-u;
MM.
alus, Khal. als,
Buriat. alas ("far away" in all)
< *al-as; |
| give | Pers.
da-, Ish. da-, Sar. ða- Sh. ða-, Yidga
liah-,
Munji da:l < *da- | Ch.
il-, Yak. ïl-, Khak. al-, OT. al- ("take"
in all) <*ïl, al | MM.
ok, Khal. ög-,
Dag. ug, uk, Bon. oke, Dong. ogi
< *og < *oG; |
| village | Zazaki
dew, Mazandarani
deh, Kurd. dã, Pers. deh, Old Pers. dahyu < *dah | Ch.
yal, Khak.
aal, Tat. awïl, Kazakh auïl, Turkmen aul < *a:l | |
| house | Av.
demâna,
nmâna
< *dem- |
Tuv. öG, Khak. ib, Shor em, Chulym em, Kyrg.
üy, Tatar öy, OT eb, Karakhanid öv, Turkish
ev < *eB, em | |
| mouth,
lip | Oss.
dzex; Pers. dahan,
Kurdish dev/dem, Balochi
daf
("mouth" in all) <*das-an | Chuv.
vôrô;
Yak. uos 'lip':, Tuv. iziG, Khak. a:s; Kyrg. ooz,
OT aGïz, SYug aGïs ("mouth" in all) < *aïR | MM.
xurül, horol
Khal. ural, uru:l, Kalmyk url
Dag. xoro:l, horele, Dong. furung,
Mogol. urul
("lip"
in all) < *(h)uR-ul |
| thief | Av.
tâyu, Pers. dozd | Chuv.
vôrô;
Yak. iti:, Tuv. o:r, Khak. oGïr; OT oGrï <*o:R
| MM.
qula-sun, Khal. xulgai,
Dag. xualag, Bon. Golai,
Mogol. qulaGei < *hula-(Gai) |
| tree | Pers.
deraxt, Rsh. du:rk, Sh. ðo:rg
Yz. ðerk,
Ygn. dorwk <*dorukt | Chuv.
yïvâs'; Tuv. ïyash, Khak. aGas; Tat. aGach,
Kazakh aGash, OT ïGach
< * ïGash, ïâsh
< *ïâR (?) | – |
| | | |
|
| |
s-, sh-
|
s'
(S)- > y- (palatalization > elision; an original s'-, s-
was retained
in Chuvash and Yakut)
|
Se-,
Si- > sh-/zh-
Sa-, Sï-, Su- > x-/h-/0-
|
| earth | Oss.
shêdJ-êt, Sh. sit, Yz. shat, Ish. shit;
W. shit <*set | Ch.
s'êr, Yak. sir, Khak. chir, Tuv. cher, Kyrg.
zher,
SYugh. yer, OT. yer
< *Sêr, Ser
| MM.
shira'u, Bon. shirou,
Dong. shêura, Dag. shiro:
< *shirau |
| hundred | Av.
sata, Oss. shædæ, Zb. sad, Pashto sêl
< *sat-, *sata | Ch.
s'er, s'êwr, Yak. Su:s, Khak. chüs, Tuv. chüs,
Kyrg. zhüz, SYugh. yuz, yöz, OT. yüz <*SeR,
SüR | MM.
zha'un, Khal. dzu:, dzo:, Bon. zhong, Dag. zhau(n)
<
*zhau-n |
| year
| Av.
sareða, Pers. sâl, W. sal, Yazg. sauza, Zb.
sal, Sar. sal (a half-year); Yidga. saloh < *sal | Ch.
s'ul, Yak. sïl, Tuv. chïl, Khak. chil, Kyrg.
zhïl, SYugh. yil, OT. yïl <*Sïl | MM.
zhil, Khal. zhil:, Dag. zhil, Monguor zhir ("year"
in all) <*zhil |
| star | Av.
stara, Pers. setâre, Oss. st"alê, Sh.
sxtardz, Yz. sxtarak, X(ê)tarag, Ish. struk; Zb.
sitara;
Sg. usturak; < *s(e)tara | Ch.
s'ôldôr, s'âltâr, Yak. sulus, Khak. chïltïs,
Tuv. sïldïs, Kyrg. zhïldïz, Oyrat d'ïld'ïz,
SYugh. yuldïs, OT. yultuz <SâldâR, *SïldïR(with
an epenthetic -l- in Turkic) | MM.
xodun, Khal od,
Bon. hotung, xodong
Dong.
xodun,
Dag. xodo, xod
<*hod-un |
| seven | Av.
hapta, Pers. haft, Oss. avd, Sh. wu:vd <*sapta
| Ch.
s'iche, Yak. sette, Khak. cheti, Tofa chedi, OT.
yeti < *Settê | |
| burn | Oss.
shudz-ên, Pers. sux- (intr.), suza- (tr.), Pashto svadz-,
Ish. saw- | Ch.
s'on-, Yak san-, Kyrg. zhan-, Kazhakh zhan-,
Turkish yan-
< *San- | Khal
xayr, Kalmyk xä:r
Dag. xayra-,
xari- <*hayr |
| fat
(n) | Oss.
shoy, shoy-ag | Ch.
s'u, s'ôv, Yak. sïa,
Tuv. chaG, SYugh. yaG, OT. yaG < *SïaG,
SuaG | MM.
eük-ün, euk-un, Khal. ö:x, Bon. gum, Dong.
fug-un,
Dag êuge < *(h)eug |
| feather | Oss.
shish | Ch.
s'ôm, Yak sung, Tuv. chüng, Shor chum,
Kyrg. zhün, SYugh. yung, yüng, OT. yung
<*Sung | MM.
ödün, Khal öd,
Bon. hotung, hotong
Dong. xodun,
Dag. xudus(w) <*hud-un |
| raven | Oss.
shênt, W. shönd; Pers. zâgh | Ch.
s'âxân | |
| | | | |
| |
t-
|
S-
|
Se-,
Si- > sh-/zh-
Sa-, Sï-, Su- > x-/h-/0-
|
| egg | Av.
taoxma, Middle Pers. toxmag, Pers. toxm, W.
tuxmurG,
tuxmury, Sh. tarmurx, <*taoxmarG < **taosamarG
(?) | Ch.
s'ômarda, Yak sïmït, Tuv. chuurGa, Khak.
nïmïrxa, Altai, d'ïmïrtqa, Kyrg. zhumurtqa,
SYugh. yomut, Tatar yomïrqa, OT. yumurtGa <*SïmïrtGa |
MM.
amdegan; ömdegen,
Khal. öndög
Bon. ndegi,
Dong. endeGi,
Dag. enduge
< *(h)amdega-n
|
| | | | |
| |
zh-/
z-
|
ch-
(unvoicing) > y- (lenition, palatalization > elision)
|
zh-
|
| heart | Av.
*zereda, Oss. zhærdæ, Sar. zârd, Zeb. auzuk,
Yaz. zawð, Ish. zil, Pashto zâê, Zazaki zerri,
Pers. dil <*zereda, *zerede | Ch.
chäre, Yak. süre-q, Tuv. chüre-k, Khak. chürä-k,
OT yüre-k
< *chäre-k, *chürä-k
| MM.
zhürük-en, Khal. zhürx
Bon. zhirge, Dong.
zhuGe,
Dag. zhurug
< *zhürüG |
| | | | |
| |
z-
|
che-,
chi- (unvoiced zhe-, zhi-) > tï-, ti- (in main
Turkic)
|
ch-/t-
|
| tongue | Av.
hizva:-, Old Pers. hazona, Zazaki ziwan, Kurd.
zimon,
Middle Pers. zuwa:n, Pashto zhêba, Oss. ævzhag
<*zævag, Yz. z(ê)veg, Ish.
zivuk, Sg. zuluk, Yz. z(ê)veg <*hi-zeva-ng | Ch.
chêlxe, Yak. tïl, Tuv. dïl, Khak. tel,
Kyrg. til, OT. tïl
< *chel-(eG) <
**zheleG
| – |
| knee | Av.
zhnu, Middle Pers. zânuk, Oss. zonêg, Ish.
zung, S. zun; Sh. zan; Sg. zong; Yd. zik
<*zaneg | Ch.
chêr-kussi, Yak. tühex, Tuva diskek, Khakas. têzek,
OT. tiz
< *chiR-eq < **zhiR-eq | MM.
ebü-düg, toyiG, Khal. öv-dög, toyg, Dong.
o-dêu,
Bon. eb-dêg < *-toyiG, -tüG |
| live
(v, adj) | Av.
jva, jivya "alive, living", Pers. zende "alive",
zis-"live", Kurd. jîyan, jîn "life",
Zeb. zinda "alive", Pashto zhwund "life" <*zhi-(v)-,
*zi-(v)- | Ch.
chêre, Yak. tili-, Tuv. dirig, Khak. têrêg,
Kirg tiri(k), Alt. tirü, Tat. tere, SYug.
terik,
OT tirig, mostly as adjective
< *cher-eG <
**zher-eG | |
| stone | Sh.
zir, Sar.
zer;
Pers. sang <*zen | Ch.
chol, Yak. tash, Tuv. dash, OT. tash <
*chaL< **zheL
<**zhen | MM.
chila-un, Khalh. chulu:,
Dag. cholo: < *chula |
| | | |
|
| |
z-
|
ta-,
to-, tö-, tu- < *c
|
ta-,
to-, tö-, tu-
|
| earth | Av.
zem, Middle Pers. zami-g, Pers. zamin, Pashto zmeka,
Oss. êzmic < *zêmic, Sh. zemað, Yz. zêma:ð
<*zema-ð, *zemi-k | Ch.
tôpra, Yak. tobura-x, Tuv. dovura-q,
Kyrg. topura-q, OT. topra-q
< *toBur-aq <
**coBur | MM.
to'osun 'dust', Khal. to:s 'dust':, Dag. tuaral:, Dong.
tura
'earth' <*toora- |
| crane
(bird) | Oss.
zêrnæg <*zerne- | Ch.
târna, Yak. turyuya, Tuv. duruya, OT. turunya
<
*turnya < **curnya | cf.
MM. turaGu 'crow' |
| know | Oss.
zonên, Pers. dâne- <*zane- | Tuv.
tanï-, SYugh tanï-, Kyrg. tanï-, Turkish tanï-
"know smb"
< *tanï <**canï | MM.
taNna, Khal. tagna, Dag. tanslê:, Dong. tanzhil
"inquire,
search"
< *taNna |
| deep | Av.
jafra, Pers. zarf <*zar- | Ch.
tarân, Yak. diriN, Tuv. tereN, Khak.
tireN,
OT. teriN < *tareN< **car- | – |
| be
born | Av.
zâta "born", zaera- "delivery", Pers. zâi-
"give birth" <*za- | Yak.
törô, Tuv.
törü, Khak. törê,
Oyrat törö,
OT. törü "be born";
< *törê < **cörê
| MM.
tore, Khal. törö,
Dag. turu:, Mog. türä < *törê |
| | | |
|
| |
c-
/ ch-
|
t-
< aspirated *t(H) (fortition)
|
d-/t-
|
| four | Aves.
chatru, chathBa:ro, Pers. cahâr, Tajik chor, Oss.
cêppar
(Digor cuppar), Khotan. cahora, Yaz. cher, cer,
Ormuri
ca:r, Parachi cho:r, Gorani chuar, Zazaki cha:r,
Sh.
cavó:r, Sar. cavúr <*catru; catvaro |
Ch.
tâvattâ
<*tâötta,
Yak tüört, Khak. tört, Tuv. dört/tört,
OT. tört < *tö:rt, tâörtê | MM.
dor-ben, Khal. döröv,
Dag. durub, Dong.
zhieruan,
Bon. derong, derang < *dör-ben |
| narrow,
short | Oss.
cêbêr 'short' | Ch.
tâvâr< *tâör,
Yak. ta:r, Tuv. tar, OT. tar < *ta:r, *taör | – |
| claw | Pers.
cang, W. cungal, cang; Sar. cangâl, Ish. cangal
<
*cang- | Ch.
chêrne; Yak. tïngïrax, Tuv. dïrGaq,
Khak. tïrGax; Kyrg. tïrnaq, OT. tïrngaq
< *chernG-aq, *chïrnG-aq, | – |
| skin | Av.
charê-man, Oss. carm, c"ar; Pers. carm 'leather'
<*carê-man | Ch.
tir, tirê, Yak. tiri:, Khak. te:r, OT. teri < *teri,
*tiri | Probably,
*hara-sun <**tHara, cf.MM. arasun, Khal. ars, Dong. arasun |
| wheel | Av.
chaxra-, Pers. carx "wheel;cart", Pashto carx, Sh.
charx < *carx-, caxra- | OT.
tilgen, tilken < *telg- | MM.
telege(n) "cart" |
| | | |
|
| |
0-
|
Ch.
sh- : Yak. 0- : main Turkic s-
(< from a glottal stop?)
|
Vs-
|
| water | Av.
ap, avo-, Pers. ab, Zazaki awe, Pashto obê,
Yagnobi op, Wakhi yupk, Munji yowga < *ab, *av | Ch.
shïv, Yak. u:, Khak, Tuv. sug <*suw, Kirg. suu,
(dial.) suw; Alt. suu, OT. suv, Uzb. suv, Turkm.
suw, Kumyk suv <*sHuv < *'uv (?) | MM.
us-un, Khalh. us,
Dong. usu, Dag. os,
Bon. shu/sê < *us < *'su (?) (metathesis?) |
| bone | Av.
asta-, Pers. ostoxân, Sar. ustxan; Shugn.
sitxan;
Ish. wastuk, Sang. astak; Yd. yestoh, Oss.
êstæg
<*astak | Ch.
shâmâ, Yak. unguox:, Tofa sök, Tatar
söyek, OT. süngök, Karakhanid süngük,
Yugur semik, Turkmen süngk
< *sHunguk
< *'ângâk (?) | MM.
yas-un, Khalh. yas,
Dong. yas-un, Dag. yas,
Bon. yas-uN <*yas < *'say (?)
(metathesis?) |
| eight | Aves.
ashta, Pers. hasht, Oss. ast, Khotan. hasta,
Yaz. hosht,
Parachi 'osht, Zazaki hasht, Sh. waxt <*'asht | Ch.
sakkâr, Yak. aGïs:, Tofa sehes, Khak. segis, Kyrg.
segiz OT. säkiz
<*sHakêR < *'axR (?) | MM.
nayi-man, Khal. nay-m,
Dag. nai-myn, Dong.
nai-man,
Bon. ni-mang < *nay-Ban
< *'san (??) (metathesis?)
|
| | | |
|
| |
sh-
|
Yak. 0- : Turkic s-
|
sh-
|
| you | Av.
yu-zham (N.), shma (Inst.);
Pers. shomâ <*-sham
| Ch.
e-sê, Yak. en, Khak. sin, Tuv. sen, Kyrg. sen,
OT. sen < *sHen | MM.
chi; chino (G.), Khalh. chi,
Dong. chê, Dag.
shi:, shini (G),
Bon. chê, chênê <*shin,
*chin |
| | | | |
| |
d-
/ð-
|
she-,
shi- (*ße-, ßi- in Chuvash) > tï-, ti- (in
main Turkic)
|
|
| meat | Oss.
fêd, Ish. pudf < *ped | Ch.
ash, Yak. et, Tuv. e't, OT. et
< *esh | |
| tooth | Av.
dantan, Oss. dændag; Sh. ðindûn; Yz.
ða:n, Yd. lud; Pers. dandân <*dantan | Ch.
shal, Yak. ti:s, Tuv. dish/tish, Khak.
tes, Kyrg. tish, OT. tïsh < *shïL < **nßan
(?) | MM.
shid-ün, Khalh. shüd,
Dong. shïd-un, Dag.
shid < *shid- |
| | | | |
| |
d-
/ð-
|
ta-,
to-, tö-, tu-, tü-
| |
| smoke | Oss.
dud; Pashto lúgay, Munji lü:y; Yidga luy,
Ish. did, W. ðit, Sar. ðûd, Yaz. ðad
< *dad | Ch.
tôdôm, Khak. tüdün, Kyrg. tütün,
OT. tütün < *tud-un, *tüt-ün | |
| stand | Av.
sta-, Pers. ista-, Pashto dared-
< *s-ta | Ch.
târ, Yak. tur-, Tuv. tur-, Khak. tur-, Kyrg. tur-,
OT. tur- < *tur- | |
| sea | Oss.
dendzhês "sea"; don "river", Pers. daryâ,
Av. zrayanG (*darayan?) | Kyrg.
deGiz, Tatar dingez, Turkmen dengiz, Turkish
deniz
< *tengiR | MM.
dalai, Khalh. dalay,
Dag. dalay < *dalai |
| fall | Oss.
dard | Yak.
tüs-, SYugh tüs-, OT. tüsh- | |
| dust | Oss.
tærk, tævd |
OT.
toz, SYugh toz, Khakas toz-ïn | Khalh.
tortog 'snuff, tar' |
| | | |
|
| |
k-/c-
|
k-
|
k/g-
|
| who? | Av.
cîm "who, what, which", Ish. kudum "who",
kum "what" Yidga kyum "who", Sar. cum "when",
W. kum-jai "what place", Oss. kæm "where"
<*kudum, *kum | Ch.
kam, Yak. kim, Tuv. qim, OT. kem
< *kam,
kim | MM.
ken, Khal. xen, Bon. kang,
Dong. kien, Dag.
xên
< *ken |
| where? | Av.
kadâ, kuda:, Pers. kojâ <*kada | Yak.
xanna, Tuv. kaida, Khak. xaida, Tat. kaida, Kyrg.
kaida < *kaida | |
| how? | Av.
kußra, Oss. kuïd <*kadra | Yak.
xaidax, Tuv. kandïg, Khak. xaidi, Altai kandïy, Kyrg.
kandai < *kanda-G | |
| when? | Kurd.
kengã, Pers. kay, Zazaki key, Pashto kela, Oss.
kæd <*ked | Ch.
xâs'an, Yak.
xahan, Tuv. kazhan, Khak. xachan, Altai kachan,
Kyrg.
kachan, Tatar kaichan, Turkmen hachan < *kachan | |
| small | Pers.
kuchak, Pashto kushnay, Ish. kutokok, Zb. kut, Sar.
dzul, Sh. dzulikik, W. dzaklai, Oss. gêccêl,
gêc"êl < *kutakok | Ch.
kâz'ân,
Yak. kuchchuguy, Khak. kêchêg, SYugh kichig',
OT. kichig, Kyrg. kichü:, Tatar keche < *kêchêg |
MM.
gücük; Khal. chichig, Dong. kizheu ("puppy"
in all) <*gücük;
MM. ücügen; Khal.
öchüxen, Dag. uchê:keN ("small" in all) <*ücüg-en |
| person | Pers.
kas, Pashto käs, Munji kas,
Ish. kas < *kas
| Yak.
kihi, Tuv. kizhi, Khak. keze, Kyrg. kishi, SYug.
kïsi,
OT. kishi < *kishi, *kizhi | MM.
gü'ün, Khal. xün, Bon. kung, Dong.
kun, Dag. xuu
< *küü-n |
| house | Yz.
kud, Sh. cid, Rsh. cheed. Sar. ced, Yd. kye;
Pers.
câdor "tent", Zazaki ke(ye), Mj. kei, Yaghkat,
Pashto kor <*ked | Ch.
kil "home"; Yak. külä ("inner porch"); OT.
kerekü 'yurt' < *kil, *kir | MM.
ger, Bon. ger,
Dong. gie, Dag. geri ("yurt"
in all)
<*ger |
| do,
make | Av.
kêrête, Old Pers. karta-, Zazaki ker-dena, Pers.
kar-dan, Kurd. kir-din, Yagh. karak, Pashto
kawe, Yidga
kerah, Sh. cid-, Zb. kanak, W. khak <*kar- | Yak.
kïn-, Tuv. kïl-, Khak. xïl-, OT. qïl,
Kyrgyz qïl-; Tatar qïl-, Turkish kïl-
< *kïl- | MM.
ki, ke Khal. xiy,
Dong. kie, Dag. ki:-, xi:-
<
*ki- |
| come | Av.
gata- "gone", Oss. cæu-ên "walk", ær-cæu-ên
"come" | Ch.
kêr, kil-, Yak. kel-, Tuv.
kel-
< *kel | Possibly,
*ire < *kir, cf. MM. ire- Khal. ire-, Dong. irê-;
cf. Khal.
galgi- 'walk slowly, leave' |
| eye | Av.
cashman, Pers. ceshm, Oss. cæsht, Sh. cem, Yaz.
cha:m, Wakhi cözm, Ish. com <*cash-man | Ch.
kos', Kiyg. köz, OT. köz < *köS "eye";
Ch. kor-, Tuv. kör-, Khak. kör-, Kyrg-.
kör, OT. kör- < *kör- "see"
|
–
|
| lake |
Oss. cad | Ch.
kölâ, Yak. küöl, OT. köl
<*köl | MM.
qol, Khal. gol,
Dong. Gon, Dag. gol "river"
< *gol, *Gol |
| blue,
green | Oss.
c"æx; Pers. carx "poetic: sky" |
Ch. kôvak,
Yak. küöx, Tuv. kök, OT. kök "blue,
green"; < *kök, *küok | MM.
koko, keuke, Khal. xöx,
Dong. kugie, Dag. kuke
< *kok, *kök |
| belly;
thick | Oss.
card 'belly' ; Pers.câq 'stout, healthy, well' | Ch.
kôrô; Yak. kür, Karakhanid kür 'healthy, brave;
thick, stout, wide, broad, well-fed' | |
| pit,
hollow, gutter | Pers.
câl 'pit, hollow, ravine' | Ch.
xôvôl, Yak. kuoha:x, Khak. xo:s; Karakhanid qoGush,
Kazakh quwïs | |
| | | |
|
| |
x-, G-
|
q-
|
x-,
q-
|
| dry | Av.
xushka "to dry", Pers. xoshk, Oss. xus, xuêsk";Ish.
kâk, W. wesk; Munji wushk <*xusk | Ch.
xôrôk ("of bread"),
Yak. qura-naq, Khak.
xuruG, Tuv. qurG-aG, Kyrg. qurg-aq, OT. qurï-
<*qurG-ak | MM.
qo'asun, Khal. xu:ray,
Bon. xosung, Dong.
qosun,
Dag. xwa:ri:
<*qoas-un; *xurai |
| crow | Oss.
xalon 'crow', Ish. kurni 'raven'; Pers. kalâgh < *xarn-,
*qarn- | Tuv.
qa:rGan, Khak. xarGa, Kyrg. karga, OT. qarGa < *qarGa | MM.
kiriä, kere'e,
Khal. xere:(n), Dag. xere
<*qere
|
| night | Av.
xshap, Oss. æxshæv < *xêshæv,
Yd. kshowo,
Munji xsha:wa, Yagn. xishap <*x(ê)shep | Ch.
kas', Yak. kiehe, Tuv. kezhe, OT. kech, SYug.
kiche
"night"', but "yesterday, last night" in Khak. kizhe:
Altai keche, Kirg. keche:, Kaz. keshe, Uzb.
kecha
< *keshe | cf.
Khal. xenzh 'late' |
| want | Kurd.
xves-tin, Midlle Pers. xwa:s-tan, Zazaki was-tena, Pashto
ghwa:ê, Yagn. xox-dak <*x(ê)was- | Tuv.
küzhe-, Khak. kün-, Kyrg. küsö-, Tatar köse-,
OT. (Karakhanid) küse-
< *küse | MM.
guse-, kuse-, Khal. xüs-
Bon. kuse-, Dag. kuse-,
kese-
< *kuse, *küse |
| blood | Av.
vohuni, Pers. xun; Pashto xwin, Yagn. vaxn, W.
wuxun;
Sar. wuxin; Sh. wixin; Munji yina, Sang.
vain; <*vo-xun | Ch.
yun, yon; Yak. xa:n, Tuv. xan, Kyrg. qan, OT.
qan,
Tatar qan < *qan, *qun | – |
| sun | Av.
hvar, Pers. xorshid, Oss. xur, Sh. xer, S.
xer, Yz.
xvor, xêwur, Yaghn. khur <*x(ê)var | Ch.
xôvel; Yak. kuya:s "heat", Kumandy (Altai) kuyash
"sun", Tatar qoyash "sun", Karakhanid quyash
"sun heat", OT. qünesh "sun heat", Turkish
günesh, (dial.) guyash "sun" < *qöweL, *qöeL | |
| ear | Av.
gaosha, Old Pers. gausha, Pers. gu:sh, Oss.
qu:s, x"ush,
S. ghaul, Yz. ghevon, Sg, ghovar, Pashto Gwazh,
Shug.
Gu:zh, Ish. gul, gol, W. gi:sh ("ear" in all)
<
*G(a)ush-;
Av. gaosh-, Pers. -go:sh-, Yagn.
Gu:sh-, Oss.
x"ês-, qus- "to hear" < *G(a)ush- | Ch.
xôlGa, Yak kulga:q, Khak. xulax, Kyrg. kulak, OT.
qulgak
< *qulG-ak | cf.
Khal. xulxi 'earwax'
|
| hair | Oss.
x"is, qi:s "fur, hair"; Pers. gis "hair, braid",
Pahlevi ge:s "curls", Av. gaesa "curly hair"
<*G(a)es- |
Ch. xêlêx,
Yak kïl, Khak. xïl, Tuv. xïl, OT. qïl
< *qïl | MM.
xüsün, Khal. üs
Dong. usun, Dag. xusw
< *xüs-un |
heat,
hot,
red hot | Av.
garêma "warmth", Old Pers. garma, Pers. garm; Yagn.
Garm; Sang. go:rm; Oss. x"arm, qarm "warm" <*Garma | Chuv.
xêrü "hot", xêr-t "to heat",
Tuvan kös, Karakhanid köz, "glowing
coals", Chagatai kiz "heat" <* qêR-
Chuv. xêrle, Yakut qïhïl, Khak. xïzïl,
Kyrg. qïzïl, OT. qïzïl ("red"
in all < probably from "hot red") < *qêRel
Tuv. xo:r-, Khak. xo:r, Altai qur- Kyrg. kur
(Tatar |
|
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